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Ngày tải lên: 14/05/2016, 20:48

... comply with the increasingly emissions legislation If port fuel injection system is compared with carburetor system, it is seen that has some advantages These are; Lower exhaust emissions Increased ... exhaust gas recirculation system is necessary, as the NOx aftertreatment systems not reach the conversion rates of λ = concepts With the exception at the highest loads, exhaust gas recirculation ... theoretically has the highest efficiency The spray guided combustion process requires advanced injector systems such as piezo injection This technique has some advantages: reduced wall wetting, increased...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 01:20

... measured using a Bosch type smoke meter The engine cylinder pressure was measured using a water-cooled Kistler piezo electric pressure sensor, which has a sensitivity of 15.2 pC/bar The charge output ... efficiency Hydrogen combustion exhibits a high cooling loss from the burning gas to the combustion chamber walls compared to hydrocarbon combustion because of its higher burning velocity and shorter ... India s top universities and public research laboratories Researchers have been successful in the biological production of hydrogen from organic effluents and a large-scale bioreactor of 12.5 m3 capacity...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 15:28

... the cooling system as described in Chapter Disconnect the sensor wiring plug Unscrew the sensor from the cylinder block Refitting Removal Disconnect the battery negative lead Disconnect the sensor ... The procedure is the same as described in Part A of this Chapter for carburettor models Fuel system - depressurising Warning: The fuel system will remain pressurised after the engine is switched ... 15.04 exhaust emission control laws Those components more easily related to the ignition system are described in Chapter 5, Part B Those relating to the fuel system are described in this Section The...

Ngày tải lên: 25/01/2014, 02:20

Ngày tải lên: 26/05/2014, 15:16

... pressure This is important because the ECM does not measure fuel system pressure It assumes the pressure is correct There are two basic types of pressure regulators Modulated Pressure Regulators ... pressure decreases because there is less force on the diaphragm Page 15 © Toyota Motor Sales, U .S. A., Inc All Rights Reserved FUEL SYSTEMS #1 - OVERVIEW Constant Pressure Regulator Returnless ... damper The screw mounted at the top of the damper provides an easy check for fuel system pressure When the screw is up it means the fuel rail is pressurized Under most conditions, this check is adequate...

Ngày tải lên: 28/05/2014, 14:24

... diesel spray is approached Microscopic Characteristics The macroscopic description is characterized by the content of droplets of diverse sizes and the changes on the changes in their special ... injection, using sophisticated and complex measuring techniques Diesel spray characteristics Depending on the mechanism to characterise, diesel spray can be analysed in a macroscopic or microscopic ... many cases current knowledge is still incomplete due to the complexity of the physical-chemical processes: (non-stationary processes, irreversible processes and out-of-balance chemical reactions)...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 11:20

... This technique allows estimating the macroscopic characteristics of fuel sprays and analysing the existence of internal structures, ligaments, among others This technique is one of the most used ... Optically Accessible Cylinder Head: a Research Tool for Injection and Combustion Processes" SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-1110 Bracco F V (1983) Structure of High Speed Full Cone Sprays Recent Advances ... direct injection systems, because it is an optical method of measure somewhat incoherent to detect concentration of species compared to Mie-Scattering However, it was possible to use other techniques...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 11:20

... of the spray formed by the classical injector at various background pressures levels 0.2 0.4 The application of fuels with increased kinematic viscosity had little effect on the surface area ... holes Effect of Injector Nozzle Holes on Fuel in Engine Cylinder The simulation results are shown in every cases, such as case is on 500 rpm, case is on 1000 rpm, case is on 1500 rpm, case is on 2000 ... toxic components from exhaust gases However, for using a new type of injector, modification of the combustion chamber is needed This modification has to consider higher values of spray macrostructure...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 11:20

... speeds References Baik, Seunghyun (2001) Development of Micro-Diesel Injector Nozzles Via MEMS Technology and Effects on Spray Characteristics, PhD Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, ... ferromagnetic components was neglected because it is several order of magnitude lower than the corresponding gap reluctance Circuit of Fig 9b is solved using Thevenin s theorem, and the equivalent circuit ... motion, such as pressures acting on different surface areas, force applied by the control piston and spring force The chamber CD models the nozzle delivery volume, CS is the sac volume, whereas the...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 11:20

... Injection 2.3.4 Masses, spring stiffness and damping factors Components mass and springs stiffness k j can be easily estimated Whenever a spring is in contact to a moving element, the moving mass ... recalculated with account for the interphase sources (the results of the first stage are used as the initial conditions) When needed, the process is repeated several times The convergence criteria ... fuel spray and, consequently, to corresponding changes in the distributions of the concentrations of fuel phases In this chapter physical models of the processes of interphase heat and mass transfer...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 11:20

... aerosol particles The majority of activities on coagulation research concern to atmospheric aerosols in which this process basically is called by Brown diffusion Still in sprays behind injectors ... pressure is shown in fig 19 The researches carried out have shown that coagulation process can considerably change the sizes of droplets The initial diameter of droplets essentially influences coagulation ... droplets leaving an injector make essential impact on coagulation of droplets It is necessary to note, that in disperse systems, except process of coagulation which conducts to integration of particles,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 11:20

... emissions arises Each predicted pressure cycle is also processed to estimate the combustion-radiated noise, with the simplified approach previously described The optimization problem is settled ... turbulence model is selected This is because of its robustness and its ability to fit the initial iteration, design lectotype and parametric investigation Further, because of the intense turbulent combustion ... Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC = 258 g/kWh) The acoustic analysis also estimates the presence of a high combustion noise level, with a sound power Integrated numerical procedures for the design,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 11:20

... conventional plasma torches are used in many industrial applications, the wide acceptance of these processes is limited by economic, competitive, reliability, and other concerns From the reason ... characteristics in a supersonic combustor with gaseous fuel injection upstream of a cavity flameholder Flow Turbulence Combust, 82, 271-286 Vikramaditya, N S. , & Kurian, J (2009) Pressure oscillations ... mechanisms in a supersonic combustor using PLIF Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 31, 2505-2512 Daniel, J M., & James, F D (2009) Combustion characteristics of a dual-mode scramjet combustor...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 11:20

... state in each measure can be different Conclusions Calculated variables from the measurements allow a concise characterization of the blast furnace state Gas transfer measurements can be considered ... hydrates (NGH) are solid, non-stoichiometric compounds formed by host water molecules with small guest molecules, such as CH4, C2 H6, C3 H8, CO2, H 2S, etc (Sloan & Koh, 2008) Natural gas hydrate deposits ... monitoring has reached a high standard to control the process in its inner part Special importance has the optimisation and control of composition and gas distribution and the pressure losses...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 11:20

... dissociated only on the hydrate dissociation section (Section III shown in Figure 16) Table shows three production efficiencies: 1) Production efficiency for hydrate dissociation section (section ... hydrate dissociation process is divided into three stages: free gas production, hydrate dissociation and residual gas production The process of the hydrate dissociation is a process of the temperature ... the free gas released, the gas production rate decreases remarkably This section is the hydrate dissociation and gas production process and considered to be Section II Afterwards in Section III,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 11:20

... E L IN J E C T IO N S Y S T E M L o w p re s s u re c irc u it H ig h p re s s u re c irc u it E C U w ith s e n s o r s The Common Rail Sub functions Low –pressure circuit comprises of: Fuel ... High-pressure accumulator(rail) Pressure-control valve Rail-pressure sensor Injectors ECU with sensors COMMON RAIL FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM COMMON RAIL FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM SUMMAR 1.The basic functional ... following sensors: Boost – pressure sensor, Air temperature sensor, Air – mass meter, and Rail pressure sensor The Common Rail Sub functions ECU and sensors The sensor are responsible for measuring...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 17:41

... This technique allows estimating the macroscopic characteristics of fuel sprays and analysing the existence of internal structures, ligaments, among others This technique is one of the most used ... Optically Accessible Cylinder Head: a Research Tool for Injection and Combustion Processes" SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-1110 Bracco F V (1983) Structure of High Speed Full Cone Sprays Recent Advances ... direct injection systems, because it is an optical method of measure somewhat incoherent to detect concentration of species compared to Mie-Scattering However, it was possible to use other techniques...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 01:20

... emissions arises Each predicted pressure cycle is also processed to estimate the combustion-radiated noise, with the simplified approach previously described The optimization problem is settled ... turbulence model is selected This is because of its robustness and its ability to fit the initial iteration, design lectotype and parametric investigation Further, because of the intense turbulent combustion ... Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC = 258 g/kWh) The acoustic analysis also estimates the presence of a high combustion noise level, with a sound power Integrated numerical procedures for the design,...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 01:20

... downstream of the reactor Also CH4 electron impact dissociation produces H radicals H radicals are precursors for FC remediation As an example, the chemical reactions of NFx by H radicals (Chang ... Plumb, I .C & Ryan, K.R (1998): Gas-phase reactions in plasmas of SF6 with O2: Reactions of F with SOF2 and SO2 and rections of O with SOF2, Plasma Chem Plasma Prccess Vol 9, No 3, pp 409-420, ISSN ... blast furnaces The primary systems and most important components are: (a) Gas Evacuation System: Consists of drainage pipes for the gas produced and comes equipped with relief valves and controls...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 01:20