introduction to transport phenomena

... Singapore “{ CONTENTS I i Preface To the Instructor xv xvii Part I Basic Concepts in Transport Phknomena Introduction to Transport Phenomena 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Transport Phenomena and Unit Operations ... tubes, and non-Newtonian fluids The inclusion of an entire chapter on non-Newtonian transport phenomena is an indication of the importance of this subject to chemical engineers; non-Newtonian fluids ... Hershey % TRANSPORT PHENOMENA A Unified Approach PART I BASIC CONCEPTS IN TRANSPORT PHENOMENA CHAPTER INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORT PHENOMENA NOMENCLATURE A a CA F & m n P R T V X Y z t Area (m*, ft*)...

Ngày tải lên: 02/04/2014, 16:46

... permanently deformed (Figure 6) Torsional stress In torsion, there was a linear relation between the torsion angle and applied torque The average moment to achieve 10 degree torsion of the construct ... and statistical analysis The primary outcome measure was the moment to achieve 10 degree of bending or torsion at the osteotomy site of the specimen A 10 degree deformation of the construct was ... similar properties to bone and are commonly used in biomechanical studies [3,4] The Tufnol tubes were 15 cm in length and they were osteotomised in the centre with a saw The osteotomised tubes were...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 21:23

... applied by a hydraulic actuator A rectangular indenter was connected to the actuator, and the bottom width was 50 mm In the quasistatic phase, the hydraulic actuator applied the displacement ... also want to thank Wang Yu, Kazi Md Abu Sohel for their generous sharing Moreover, I want to thank Ee Weng for his generous help with the impact tests I would also like to thank the laboratory staffs, ... trawls Tow velocity Scale factor ⁄ Dent depth at one side Displacement of the pipe in the pull-over response xxv Bending strain Critical bending strain Pipeline usage factor , empirical factor in...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 11:25

... disturbance occurs at surface atoms close to the tooth that cut into the Au substrate at a specific angle In the region of Au atoms away from the tooth, a special atomic structure of slip planes ... systems In order to clearly display dislocation structures and atoms with high displacement, the slip vector calculation was used to present atomic colors, as shown in Fig The slip vector shows another ... rotates past this critical angle, the tooth’s body is nearly inserted into the substrate At this time, the tooth rotates to become almost horizontal It attaches to the substrate and the input force...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 20:20

... density is an important factor to consider when determining the storage volume of transport vehicles, vessels, containers, totes and bags Bulk density affects transport and storage costs Low bulk ... settle to the bottom of a load during transport, whereas low bulk density particles rise to the top of a load Several unpublished studies have been conducted at the University of Minnesota to compare ... transit and storage unless water leaks into transit vessels or storage facilities No research studies have been conducted to demonstrate that preservatives and mold inhibitors are necessary to prevent...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2012, 10:03

... with application of torsion ISO 1989 19 Viceconti M, Casali M, Massari B, Cristofolini L, Bassini S, Toni A The ‘Standardized Femur Program’ proposal for a reference geometry to be used for the ... is similar to the laboratory tests, muscle forces affecting the strain distribution on the femur were neglected The resultant hip force FR on the head of the spacer can be resolved into: Fx = -cos ... Laboratory test Non-reinforced spacers, implanted into composite femur and quasi-static tested failed at FR = 2935 ± 322 N (Fig 5) Spacer fracture occurred between 65 – 75 mm proximal to the...

Ngày tải lên: 26/10/2012, 09:53

... is probably due to the steel and gypsum construction of the building, which tends to cause rays to be reflected more and attenuated less In general, the model seemed to be able to accurately describe ... necessary to examine the correlation structure between time and angle, in order to either conclude that time and angle are independent, or to learn what the interdependence is Correlation histograms ... channel In addition to a simple visual comparison, several randomly generated data sets were used to compare the statistics A total of 30 random channels were used, in comparison to 55 in the Clyde...

Ngày tải lên: 20/11/2012, 11:32

... (1999) NaHCO3 was also added to adjust total carbohydrate : alkalinity ratio to 1.0±0.1 Each bottle was then filled to 200 mL with distilled water and pH value was adjusted to 6.0 using either M HCl ... Characteristics of substrate Parameter Total solids Volatile solids Total COD Soluble COD Total carbohydrate Soluble carbohydrate Total protein Soluble protein Total Kjeldahl nitrogen pH Alkalinity ... sludge from to 20 % of total VS decreased carbohydrate to protein ratio 20 40 VS concentration (%) 10 - 183 - Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol.1, No.2, 2003 from 2.24 to 1.85 g...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 08:40

... anaerobic sludge blanket reactor treating citrate-producing wastewater Prior to use, the seed sludge was first washed with tap water five times, and was then sieved to remove stone, sand and other coarse ... chromatograph (Model SP-6800A, Lunan Co, China) equipped with a thermal conductivity detector and a 1.5 m stainless-steel column packed with 5Å molecular sieve The temperatures of injector, detector ... contact angle increased from 69.4o to a peak value, 79.8o as fermentation time lasted to 15 h, but it then decreased to 67.6o as the fermentation time was increased to 66 h A similar trend was observed...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 09:08

... reduction was observed up to weeks of incubation as shown in Fig Similar to the trend in DOC, there was a momentous change in UV254 and SUVA, which is a good indicator of aromaticity, during ... also filtered through 0.5 µm PTFE filter (Millipore) to separate the suspended particles and was kept in a refrigerator at 4oC in the laboratory for dissolved and labile Zn analysis Collected ... 2009 to find whether the metal (Zn) binding sites in river water DOM are biodegradable The river water sample (filtered by 10 µm PTFE filter) was transferred to L bottles which were covered to...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 10:15

... appear to strongly contribute to denitrification in the environment surrounding the paddies Q-8 especially appears to be the key factor for denitrification in the paddies in addition to the apparatus ... ion chromatography (DX-320, Dionex Corp., USA) Dissolved oxygen concentrations and pH levels were measured by the Galvanic DO sensor (DO-24, TOA DKK, Japan) and the pH sensor (WM-50EG, TOA DKK, ... activated sludge (Hiraishi et al., 1996) The molar ratio of menaquinone to ubiquinone (MK/Q) is used as an indicator of the respiratory state such as the balance between anaerobic and aerobic respiration...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 10:15

... of 0.002 to 0.46 mg-P/L The main component of phosphorus was phosphate, and the mechanisms of the phenomena were considered to be biological uptake and transition to the bottom due to the increase ... other stream The two streams flow together to be one stream and the sampling point St.4 is situated in the joined stream, which is the only stream that flows into the reservoir The reservoir water ... sterilized with autoclave (120ºC, 15 min.) The algae were then inoculated into the vial containers with the sterilized culture solution in order that the algal concentration was brought close to the original...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 10:17

... would not be subjected to as many startup/shutdown cycles, however, would be expected to survive up to 10,000 - 40,000 hrs of operation whilst maintaining a tolerance to fuel impurities in the ... have access to the catalyst surface This means that the carbon particles have to be mixed with some electrolyte material in order to ensure that the hydrogen protons can migrate towards the catalyst ... sufficiently thin to allow the reactant gases to dissolve and diffuse towards the catalyst surface Since the electrons travel through the solid matrix of the electrodes, these have to be connected to the...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58

... the main contributors to the HC concentration in the exhaust LFOR is the region that is nearer to the leading edge of the spray (downwind) In this region the mixture is too lean to ignite or support ... was stopped and the product was allowed to settle in two layers The upper layer consisted of ester and alcohol and was separated from the bottom layer (glycerin) The upper layer was distilled to ... was added The contents were heated to the required temperature (60ºC) Reflux condenser condenses the evaporated alcohol back into the reactor Stirring helps to achieve uniformity of reactants,...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 15:28

... using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) for the nickel content, according to the China Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater [28] 2.4 Sorption experiments The stock ... diluted as required to obtain standard solutions containing 20 to1 40 mg/L of Ni2+ A 200 ml Ni2+ solution of the desired concentration, adjusted to the desired pH, was put into 250 mL reagent bottles ... adsorption The heterogenity factor n were all found to be greater than This result is very common and may be due to the distribution of surface sites or other factors that reduce the adsorbent–adsorbate...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 16:11

... number of photons Concept Plan: λ(nm) −9 Ephoton λ (m) hc 10 m nm E photon = E pulse number photons E photon λ Relationships: E=hc/λ, nm = 10-9 m, mJ = 10-3 J, Epulse/Ephoton = # photons Solve: ... required to supply 1.0 x 102 J of energy from 8.5 x 1027 photons? Given: Etotal = 1.0 x 102 J, number of photons = 8.5 x 1027 Find: ν Concept Plan: number Ephoton ν (s-1) photons E total number ... number Ephoton ν (s-1) photons E total number of photons Relationships: Solve: E photon =ν h E=hν, Etotal = Ephoton∙# photons E photon = ν= E photon Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach h = 1.0...

Ngày tải lên: 28/11/2013, 01:11

... outset, you need to be aware of the different types and characteristics of information to ensure that you gather the appropriate information The purpose of this module is to introduce you to the different ... Objective To describe the application category Lead-in Information in the application category indicates the function of automated systems and how they work together " The systems used to perform ... technologies They use technology to access information, which is stored by using various storage technologies You can use information from the technology category to determine the standard interfaces,...

Ngày tải lên: 10/12/2013, 17:15

... statistically from atom to atom, and the atoms continuously exchange energy as they collide with each other due to atomic vibrations Nevertheless, the average energy of the vibrating atoms in a solid ... Edge dislocations have slip (Burgers) vectors perpendicular to the dislocation line [Fig 2.7a)], while screw dislocations have translation vectors parallel to the dislocation line, Fig 2.7(b) In ... Abbaschian, 1992), the initial clusters of atoms are metastable The clusters may, therefore, disintegrate due to the effects of atomic vibrations and atomic collisions However, a Copyright © 2003...

Ngày tải lên: 23/12/2013, 00:15

... forces Due to the high electronegativity (power to attract electrons) of the oxygen atom, the shared electrons in the water (H2O) molecule are more strongly attracted to the oxygen atom than to the ... by appropriate scaling factors to ensure that all the resulting numbers are integer values corresponding to the least common factors The least common factors are used to represent the Miller indices ... behavior of materials A brief introduction to the structure of materials will be presented in this chapter The treatment is intended to serve as an introduction to those with a limited prior...

Ngày tải lên: 23/12/2013, 00:15

... of the semiconductor material used and the type of dopants incorporated into the IRED The peak wavelength is a function of temperature As the temperature increases, λP shifts towards longer wavelengths ... -0.9%/°C) If the junction temperature becomes too high, permanent damage to the IRED will result The maximum power dissipation rating of a semiconductor device defines that operating region where ... impedance, junction to case ∆T = (150°C/W) x (.030 W) = 4.5°C (–0.9%/°C) x (4.5°C) ≅ -4% While the IRED chip generates heat, its packaging serves to remove this heat out into the environment The...

Ngày tải lên: 23/12/2013, 00:16