introduction to oracle9i student guide volume 2

... Village Parkway, Alameda, CA 94501 Tel: 510/ 523 - 823 3 Fax: 510/ 523 -23 73 HTTP://www.sybex.com www.sybex.com Copyright 20 02 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CACopyright 20 02 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA www.sybex.com Assessment ... bytes. VARCHAR2 columns require only the amount of space needed to store the data and can store up to 4000 bytes. There is no default size for the VARCHAR2 datatype. An empty VARCHAR2 (20 00) column ... FK Table Datatype VARCHAR2 VARCHAR2 NUMBER NUMBER Length 9 50 11 ,2 11 ,2 www.sybex.com Copyright 20 02 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CACopyright 20 02 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA www.sybex.com Assessment...

... ) (2) 1 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 4 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 − − − −           = − −           =           − ( ) T Checking, 1 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 ... 12 1 21 22 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 : : (3) A is called a n×n (square) matrix, and x and b are (column) vectors of dimension n. Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 1. Introduction © ... x b n n n n n n nn n n 11 1 12 2 1 1 21 1 22 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 + + + = + + + = + + + = (1) where x 1 , x 2 , , x n are the unknowns. In matrix form: Ax b= (2) where [ ] { } { } A x b =...

... Operator 2- 18 Rules of Precedence 2- 19 ORDER BY Clause 2- 22 Sorting in Descending Order 2- 23 Sorting by Column Alias 2- 24 Sorting by Multiple Columns 2- 25 Summary 2- 26 Practice 2 Overview 2- 27 v 3 ... Oracle Corporation, 20 01. All rights reserved. Introduction Creating and Removing Synonyms 12- 24 Summary 12- 25 Practice 12 Overview 12- 26 13 Controlling User Access Objectives 13 -2 Controlling User ... BETWEEN Condition 2- 10 Using the IN Condition 2- 11 Using the LIKE Condition 2- 12 Using the NULL Conditions 2- 14 Logical Conditions 2- 15 Using the AND Operator 2- 16 Using the OR Operator 2- 17 Using the...

... 12- 17 Referencing a Public Variable from a Stand-alone Procedure 12- 18 Removing Packages 12- 19 Guidelines for Developing Packages 12- 20 Advantages of Packages 12- 21 Summary 12- 23 Practice 12 ... Introduction to Oracle9i: PL/SQL Student Guide . Volume 1 40054GC10 Production 1.0 June 20 01 D 329 45 16 Creating Database Triggers Objectives 16 -2 Types of Triggers 16-3 Guidelines ... 11-19 12 Creating Packages Objectives 12- 2 Overview of Packages 12- 3 Components of a Package 12- 4 Referencing Package Objects 12- 5 Developing a Package 12- 6 Creating the Package Specification 12- 8 Declaring...

... Operator 2- 18 Rules of Precedence 2- 19 ORDER BY Clause 2- 22 Sorting in Descending Order 2- 23 Sorting by Column Alias 2- 24 Sorting by Multiple Columns 2- 25 Summary 2- 26 Practice 2 Overview 2- 27 v EXTRACT ... BETWEEN Condition 2- 10 Using the IN Condition 2- 11 Using the LIKE Condition 2- 12 Using the NULL Conditions 2- 14 Logical Conditions 2- 15 Using the AND Operator 2- 16 Using the OR Operator 2- 17 Using the ... Group Results 5 -21 Excluding Group Results: The HAVING Clause 5 -22 Using the HAVING Clause 5 -23 Nesting Group Functions 5 -25 Summary 5 -26 Practice 5 Overview 5 -27 ix vii Using the TO_ CHAR Function...

... independence = ∞  k=0 e − λ 2 2 (s k (t)−s k (s)) 2 since A k is N(0, 1) = e − λ 2 2  ∞ k=0 (s k (t)−s k (s)) 2 = e − λ 2 2  ∞ k=0 s 2 k (t)−2s k (t)s k (s)+s 2 k (s) = e − λ 2 2 (t−2s+s) by Lemma 4 = e − λ 2 2 (t−s) . By ... dx. 15 Example 2. Again take X(·)=W (·), u(x, t)=e λx− λ 2 t 2 , F ≡ 0, G ≡ 1. Then d  e λW (t)− λ 2 t 2  =  − λ 2 2 e λW (t)− λ 2 t 2 + λ 2 2 e λW (t)− λ 2 t 2  dt + λe λW (t)− λ 2 t 2 dW by Itˆo’s ... e −2bt E(X 2 0 ) +2 e −bt E(X 0 )E   t 0 e −b(t−s) dW  + σ 2  t 0 e −2b(t−s) ds = e −2bt E(X 2 0 )+ σ 2 2b (1 −e −2bt ). Thus the variance V (X(t)) = E(X 2 (t)) −E(X(t)) 2 is given by V (X(t)) = e −2bt V (X 0 )+ σ 2 2b (1 −e −2bt ), assuming,...

... N(m 1 ,σ 2 1 ), Y is N(m 2 ,σ 2 2 ), then X + Y is N(m 1 + m 2 ,σ 2 1 + σ 2 2 ). To see this, just calculate φ X+Y (λ)=φ X (λ)φ Y (λ)=e −im 1 λ− λ 2 σ 2 1 2 e −im 2 λ− λ 2 σ 2 2 2 = e −i(m 1 +m 2 )λ− λ 2 2 (σ 2 1 +σ 2 2 ) .  22 Remark. ... independence = ∞  k=0 e − λ 2 2 (s k (t)−s k (s)) 2 since A k is N(0, 1) = e − λ 2 2  ∞ k=0 (s k (t)−s k (s)) 2 = e − λ 2 2  ∞ k=0 s 2 k (t)−2s k (t)s k (s)+s 2 k (s) = e − λ 2 2 (t−2s+s) by Lemma 4 = e − λ 2 2 (t−s) . By ... V. 55 Example 2. Again take X(·)=W (·), u(x, t)=e λx− λ 2 t 2 , F ≡ 0, G ≡ 1. Then d  e λW (t)− λ 2 t 2  =  − λ 2 2 e λW (t)− λ 2 t 2 + λ 2 2 e λW (t)− λ 2 t 2  dt + λe λW (t)− λ 2 t 2 dW by Itˆo’s...

... hourly demands. 0 0.00–0 .24 0 .25 –0.49 0.50–0.74 0.75–0.99 1.00–1 .24 1 .25 –1.49 1.50–1.74 1.75–1.99 2. 00 2. 24 2. 25 2. 49 500 1000 1500 Hours per year 20 00 25 00 Hourly peak factors Figure 2. 32. Frequency distribution ... G H 86 ,25 1 p 1 (%)3 723 10040 026 A 1 25 0 ha c 1 (%) 100 100 100 0 100 0 0 40 74 ,26 1 p 2 (%) 20 5 28 11 12 0 5 19 A 2 ϭ185 ha c 2 (%) 100 100 95 100 100 0 100 80 18,5 42 p 3 (%)1018300 420 27 A 3 ϭ57 ... 123 4567891011 12 m 3 761 717 674 499 616 936 1343 13 72 1547 1736 1838 18 82 pf h 0. 620 0.584 0.549 0.407 0.5 02 0.763 1.095 1.118 1 .26 1 1.415 1.498 1.534 Hour 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 m 3 1372...

... ste ¯ t, OIr ta ¯ ‘is’, OCS stoitu ˘ ] (2) w-derivative (no apparent change in meaning) *steh 2 -w- ‘stand’ [cf. Lith sto ´ via ‘stands’, Goth sto ¯ jan to stand’, Grk stoa ¯ ´ ‘marketplace’ (< ... -o ´ -*-sth 2 -o ´ - ‘standing’ [cf. Skt pra-stha- ‘stable, Wrm, solid’, OIr ross ‘promontory’] (2) -to ´ -*sth 2 -to ´ - ‘standing, placed’ [cf. Skt sthita ´ - standing’, Lat status ‘placed’, Grk stato ´ s ... groups. This proto-language may not have undergone a simple split into Proto-Baltic and Proto-Slavic. Another possibility often put forward is that Balto-Slavic became divided into three subgroups:...

... manufacturing. 22 Steven Spear and H. Kent Bowen: Decoding the DNA of the Toyota Production System (Giải Mã Gien Hệ Thống Sản Xuất Toyota). Ấn bản Harvard Business Review, tháng 9-10 1999. 23 http://www.advancedmanufacturing.com/September00/informationtech.htm ... năm 20 00 21 để có thể tham khảo danh sách các vấn đề cần được bao gồm trong kế hoạch triển khai. 20 http://www.industryweek.com/CurrentArticles/asp/articles.asp?ArticleID=1589 21 ... Thiệu về Lean Manufacturing Trang 19 trên 20 5. Kết Hợp Lean với Các Hệ Thống Khác 5.1 Hệ Thống Sản Xuất Toyota Mặc dù bắt nguồn từ Hệ thống Sản xuất Toyota (TPS), Lean Manufacturing đã được...

... PHCO _23 7 92, PHCO_ 24 148, PHKL _24 268, PHKL _24 729 , PHKL_ 25 475, PHKL _25 525 , PHNE _24 715, PHSS _23 670, PHSS _24 301, PHSS _24 303, PHSS _24 627 , PHSS _22 868 For patch bundles: http://www.software.hp.com/SUPPORT_PLUS For ... (IY 228 54), IY26778, IY28766, IY28949, IY29965, IY30150 http://techsupport.services.ibm.com/server/fixes HP-UX 11.0 (64- bit) Sept. 20 01 Quality Pack, PHCO _23 7 92, PHCO_ 24 148, PHKL _24 268, ... 5 12 MB of RAM is required to install Oracle9i Server. A minimum of 5 12 MB of RAM is required to install Oracle9i Management and Infrastructure. A minimum of 25 6 MB is required to install Oracle9i...

... include: 3e8 5.9736e24 Chapter 2 32 Gilmore_ 02 12/ 4/00 1:04 PM Page 32 placed between the two operands, which is not always the case in other program- ming languages. The precedence and associativity of operators ... front of the variable to be cast. A type can be cast by inserting one of the casts in front of the variable (see Table 2- 2). Table 2- 2. Cast Operators for Variables CAST OPERATORS CONVERSION (int) ... >= NA Less than, less than or equal to, greater than, greater than or equal to == != === <> NA Is equal to, is not equal to, identical to, is not equal to & ^ | L Bitwise AND, bitwise...

... galloping free fly N 2 k 1–()!= k 2= N N 2 k 1–()!3! 321 ⋅⋅ 6==== Locomotion 23 Figure 2. 9 The Raibert hopper [28 , 124 ]. Image courtesy of the LegLab and Marc Raibert. © 1983. Figure 2. 10 The 2D single bow ... w hee l f l o w 22 Chapter 2 Figure 2. 9 shows the Raibert hopper [28 , 124 ], one of the most well-known single- legged hopping robots created. This robot makes continuous corrections to body attitude and to ... P2 from Honda, Japan. © Honda Motor Corporation. Specifications: Maximum speed: 2 km/h Autonomy: 15 min Weight: 21 0 kg Height: 1. 82 m Leg DOF: 2 x 6 Arm DOF: 2 x 7 Locomotion 17 that implement...

... and B -2 0 2 -2 0 2 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 Joint Distribution at Horizon 20 03 CRC Press LLC PCA.Infact,theindustryandcountryindiceshaveacleareconomic meaning,whereastheglobalfactorsarisingfromaPCAareofsynthetic type.AlthoughtheyadmitsomevagueinterpretationasshowninFig- ure1.7,theirmeaningisnotasclearasisthecasefortheindustryand country ... LLC agingcreditportfolios.TheirtoolsarebasedonamodificationofMer- ton’sassetvaluemodel,seeChapter3,andincludeatoolforestimating defaultprobabilities(CreditMonitor TM )frommarketinformationand atoolformanagingcreditportfolios(PortfolioManager TM ).Thefirst tool’smainoutputistheExpectedDefaultFrequency TM (EDF),which cannowadaysalsobeobtainedonlinebymeansofanewlydeveloped web-basedKMV-toolcalledCreditEdge TM .Themainoutputofthe PortfolioManager TM isthelossdistributionofacreditportfolio.Of course,bothproductshavemanymoreinterestingfeatures,andtous itseemsthatmostlargebanksandinsuranceuseatleastoneofthe majorKMVproducts.AreferencetothebasicsoftheKMV-Modelis thesurveypaperbyCrosbie[19]. CreditMetrics TM isatrademarkoftheRiskMetrics TM Group,acom- panywhichisaspin-offoftheformerJPMorganbank,whichnow belongstotheChaseGroup.Themainproductarisingfromthe CreditMetrics TM frameworkisatoolcalledCreditManager TM ,whichin- corporatesasimilarfunctionalityasKMV’sPortfolioManager TM .Itis certainlytruethatthetechnicaldocumentation[54]ofCreditMetrics TM waskindofapioneeringworkandhasinfluencedmanybank-internal developmentsofcreditriskmodels.Thegreatsuccessofthemodelun- derlyingCreditMetrics TM isinpartduetothephilosophyofitsauthors Gupton,Finger,andBhatiatomakecreditriskmethodologyavailable toabroadaudienceinafullytransparentmanner. Bothcompaniescontinuetocontributetothemarketofcreditrisk modelsandtools.Forexample,theRiskMetrics TM Grouprecentlyde- velopedatoolforthevaluationofCollateralizedDebtObligations,and KMVrecentlyintroducedanewreleaseoftheirPortfolioManager TM PM2.0,herebypresentingsomesignificantchangesandimprovements. Returningtothesubjectofthissection,wenowdiscussthefac- tormodelsusedinKMV’sPortfolioManager TM andCreditMetrics TM CreditManager TM .Bothmodelsincorporatetheideathateveryfirm admitsaprocessofassetvalues,suchthatdefaultorsurvivalofthefirm dependsonthestateoftheassetvaluesatacertainplanninghorizon. Iftheprocesshasfallenbelowacertaincriticalthreshold,calledthe defaultpointofthefirminKMVterminology,thenthecompanyhas defaulted.Iftheassetvalueprocessisabovethecriticalthreshold,the firmsurvives.AssetvaluemodelshavetheirrootsinMerton’sseminal paper[86]andwillbeexplainedindetailinChapter3andalsotosome extentinSection2.4.1. 20 03 ... },p i =P[L  i ≥1], (2. 11) wherep i againdenotesthedefaultprobabilityofobligori.Notethat (2. 11)allowsformultipledefaultsofasingleobligor.Thelikelihood oftheeventthatobligoridefaultsmorethanonceisgivenby P[L  i 2] =1−e −λ i (1+λ i ), whichistypicallyasmallnumber.Forexample,inthecaseofλ i =0.01 wewouldobtainP[L  i 2] =0.5basispoints.Inotherwords,when simulatingaPoisson-distributeddefaultvariablewithλ i =0.01wecan expectthatonly1outof20,000scenariosisnotapplicablebecauseof amultipledefault.Ontheotherside,forobligorswithgoodcredit quality(forexample,aAAA-borrowerwithadefaultprobabilityof 2basispoints),amultiple-defaultprobabilityof0.5basispointsisa relativelyhighnumber. Theintensityλ i istypicallyquiteclosetothedefaultprobabilityp i , dueto p i =P[L  i ≥1]=1−e −λ i ≈λ i (2. 12) forsmallvaluesofλ i .Equation (2. 12) showsthattheone-yeardefault probabilityequalstheprobabilitythatanexponentialwaitingtimewith intensityλ i takesplaceinthefirstyear. Ingeneral,thesumofindependentvariablesL  1 ∼Pois(λ 1 ),L  2 ∼ Pois(λ 2 )hasdistribution 7 Pois(λ 1 +λ 2 ).Assumingindependence,the portfolio’stotalnumberoflosseswouldbegivenby L  = m  i=1 L  i ∼Pois  m  i=1 λ i  . (2. 13) Correlationisintroducedintothemodelbyagainfollowingamixture approach,imthiscasewithPoissonvariables(seealsoJoe[67],Section 7 .2. 7 More...