introduction to dynamic programming

... such left -to- right objects, dynamic programming will likely lead to an efficient algorithm to find the best solution Without an inherent left -to- right ordering on the objects, dynamic programming ... important to know about Dynamic programming in particular is a misunderstood and underappreciated technique To demonstrate its utility in practice, we present no fewer than three war stories where dynamic ... r War Story: Stripping Triangulations r War Story: Mystery of the Pyramids r War Story: String 'em Up r Exercises Breaking Problems Down r Dynamic Programming r Limitations of Dynamic Programming...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 05:20

... research closest to being ready to move from the laboratory to initial commercial use Mechanical Systems: Manipulator and Actuation Research on the kinematics of design, models of dynamic behavior, ... through the desired motions The teach-box method enables the operator to use buttons, toggle switches, or a joy stick to move the robot Programming languages for robots have long been under research ... The teleoperator would provide the operator with the ability to operate the robot on one-at-a-time tasks that not require repetitive operations or are too difficult to program for automatic operation...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 01:15

... research closest to being ready to move from the laboratory to initial commercial use Mechanical Systems: Manipulator and Actuation Research on the kinematics of design, models of dynamic behavior, ... through the desired motions The teach-box method enables the operator to use buttons, toggle switches, or a joy stick to move the robot Programming languages for robots have long been under research ... The teleoperator would provide the operator with the ability to operate the robot on one-at-a-time tasks that not require repetitive operations or are too difficult to program for automatic operation...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 18:20

... main benefits of spreading are to hide a signal, to protect it against eavesdropping and to achieve a high robustness against intended interference, that is, to be able to separate the useful signal ... this miracle To understand these concepts, it is very helpful to interpret signals as vectors Like vectors, signals can be added, multiplied by a scalar, and they can be expanded into a base In ... into that base according to Equation (1.1) inside that interval The underlying mathematical structure of the Fourier series is similar to the expansion of an N -dimensional vector x ∈ RN into...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... from the real part of the detector output to obtain the likelihood of each signal Example (Walsh Demodulator) Consider a transmission with four possible transmit vectors s1 , s2 , s3 and s4 given ... probable transmit vector s on the condition that the vector r = (1.5, −0.8, 1.1, −0.2)T has been received Since all transmit vectors have equal energy, the most probable transmit vector is the one ... channels To apply the WSSUS model to concrete problems in digital communications (e.g to calculate or simulate bit error rates), the statistics of the two-dimensional fading process H (f, t) has to...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... LLR can be split up to a part Lc corresponding to the systematic symbol s vector and a part Lc corresponding to the parity check symbol vector The a priori LLR p will be added to the channel LLR ... i A positive sign corresponds to a 0, a negative to The second term corresponds to a shift of the decision threshold that is proportional to the a priori LLR and to the noise The conditional probability ... Here, the sum has to be understood in such a way that, for each binary vector b, there are uniquely determined corresponding vectors xs and xp We may now split up this equation into three terms...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... branch corresponding to the generator polynomial g1 (D) = + D of the shift register circuit depicted in part (a) of Figure 3.9 defines a one -to- one map from the set of all data words to itself One can ... step number k where the bit bk is encoded, and yk is the vector of the corresponding receive vector The task now is to find the vector x that maximizes the metric given by Equation (3.31), thereby ... sequence length K, it is not possible to find the vector x by exhaustive search because this would require a computational effort that is proportional to 2K But, owing to the trellis structure of convolutional...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... noncausal estimator, that is, a delay has to be taken into account The measurements are given by the random vector x= c (−8TS ) c (−4TS ) c (0) c (4TS ) c (8TS ) T + n, where n is a vector of five ... be taken into account in the evaluation of the spectral and the power efficiency of such a system The density of the grid has to be matched to the incoherency of the channel, that is, to the time-frequency ... plane In that case, el = yl − yl is orthogonal to every vector xm , that is, Equation (4.15) holds It is convenient to write Equation (4.15) in vector notation as E e · x† = 0, yl el yl ˆ Figure...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... resulting into a stream of complex time domain samples that are grouped into vectors xi [n], n = 0, 1, , N − of length N , each corresponding to one OFDM symbol numbered by i These vectors are ... alone would lead to a delay of several seconds, which is not tolerable in practice It is an attractive feature of OFDM that the time and frequency mechanisms together may often lead to a good interleaving ... rate Rc to produce an encoded bit stream bi Between the encoder and the symbol mapper, bit interleaving will be applied to avoid closely neighboring bits in the code word to be mapped onto the...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... signaling clock by a factor N from TS to Tc−1 leads to an increase of bandwidth by a factor of TS /Tc (see Figure 5.2) For this reason, N = TS /Tc is called the spreading factor or, more precisely, ... corresponding to these data bits is either proportional to c4,2 or c4,3 and hence orthogonal to the one for connection To summarize the discussion above: the OVSF codes can be applied to realize ... concerns the autocorrelation function Defining the code sequence c corresponding to an m-sequence by mapping each “0” to “+1” and each “1” to “−1”, the periodic discrete normalized autocorrelation...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... spreading factor for different interference scenarios capacity per totally allocated frequency spectrum; the total required spectrum is proportional to both quantities Results corresponding to the ... transmit vector √ √ sb1 b2 ∈ ±c1 Eb g1 ± c2 Eb g2 , which has the smallest distance to the receive vector r This condition divides the two-dimensional plane into four regions corresponding to four ... values, that is, a CDMA network operator may perform network planning based on nearly the mean values, whereas a TDMA operator has to consider the worst case scenarios To highlight the effect of interference...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... correlator) matched to the signature pulse and sampled at the times t = τ1 , , τL Thus, we not have to implement a bank of L correlators as depicted in Figure 5.3 We only need one correlator ... synchronization The first task an MS has to perform after it has been switched on is to search for an appropriate cell to camp on As a precondition the MS has to synchronize to the frame and slot period ... and it has to find out the allocated scrambling code to be able to decode the system information sent via the broadcast channel Since it is very time consuming to test and correlate to hundreds...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... DL direction These bands are divided into subbands and have to be shared by several operators so that each operator may assign about 10 duplex carriers to his network The typical carrier spacing ... (GPS) second An MS is able to lock to a cell by using a correlator fed by these codes and by varying the offset The strongest peak of the correlator output is related to the cell best CDMA 385 ... corresponding to a 42-stage shift register to separate different MSs and to cipher the data stream in UL and DL direction; • a pair of PN sequences corresponding to two 15-stage shift registers to provide...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... research closest to being ready to move from the laboratory to initial commercial use Mechanical Systems: Manipulator and Actuation Research on the kinematics of design, models of dynamic behavior, ... through the desired motions The teach-box method enables the operator to use buttons, toggle switches, or a joy stick to move the robot Programming languages for robots have long been under research ... demonstrators and supported them The report grouped the five demonstrators into two categories: proceed as is or proceed with modification The subgroup recommended changes to the maintenance tutor...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 01:22

... referring to a tool If the person knows the tool's name then the name could be used; if not, it might be referred to as "the small red thing next to the toolchest." The decision may extend to other ... are crucial to a plan' s success and be able to detect that those situations hold Planning too many monitoring tasks could be burdensome; planning too few might result in the failure to detect ... types of monitoring: monitoring the execution of planned actions, monitoring situations for change, and recognizing plans Execution Monitoring Associated with planning is execution monitoring, that...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 01:22

... status of the "dumb, deaf, and blind" robot is being raised to that approaching an "intelligent" automaton This upgraded system can automatically cope with changes in its reasonably constrained ... beginning to be incorporated into production lines Most of these Systems are presently in an advanced development stage, worked on by application engineers for early introduction into production ... areas effectors, sensors, and cognition is an important source of technology for the Army and for this country's industrial base To encourage R&D in these areas and to enable the Army to have some...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 01:22

... teleoperator control It would include a teach-box programmer to provide the simplest programming capability by unitlevel nonspecialists The teleoperator would provide the operator with the ability to ... currently making wristwatch monitors to develop a demonstration model Army body monitor and not worry if the development gets out into the public domain Wristwatch monitors of pulse rate, temperatures, ... suggest the best drugs to give for a condition, subject to patient allergies; suggest priority, disposition, and radio sensor signals on a radio link to field hospital, if necessary to consult physician...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 01:22

... of the three areas effectors, sensors, and cognition-be undertaken now The recommended toppriority applications are the automatic loader of ammunition in tanks (effectors), the sentry/surveillance ... could have application to Army needs The committee has learned that the Joint Laboratory Directors, operating under the aegis of the Joint Logistics Commanders, have begun to address this important ... machines poorly, officers find it difficult to integrate unsorted and unrelated information, are limited in their ability to examine alternatives, and are slow to recognize erroneous information Decisionmaking...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 01:22