introduction surface modification of polymeric materials

... spectrogram of right side of laminated film IR spectrum of left side of laminated film IR spectrum of right side of laminated film DSC thermogram of laminated film Scheme for preparation of liquid plastic ... for analysis of polymers, biomaterials, adhesives, and insulators 2.6.3 Applications Analysis of polymeric materials is a good application of SIMS, where metallic elements are not often observed ... preparation of solid plastic specimen Scheme for deformulation of solid plastic specimen SEM micrograph of laminated plastic film EDXRA spectrogram of left side of laminated film EDXRA spectrogram of...

Ngày tải lên: 02/04/2014, 16:27

Ngày tải lên: 02/04/2014, 16:27

... may be less confusing A series of six additional examples of such improvement of the understanding is given on pg VII The study of “Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials is designed to accomplish ... theoretical basis of the experimental results of “Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials. ” The book contains, as shown above, a critically selected, limited series of topics The field of flexible ... polydispersity of 1.0 signals that all molecules are of the same length A mixture of equal masses of molecules of molar masses of 10,000 and 1,000,000 Da gives a polydispersity of 25.5 (M n =...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 15:20

... may be less confusing A series of six additional examples of such improvement of the understanding is given on pg VII The study of “Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials is designed to accomplish ... theoretical basis of the experimental results of “Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials. ” The book contains, as shown above, a critically selected, limited series of topics The field of flexible ... polydispersity of 1.0 signals that all molecules are of the same length A mixture of equal masses of molecules of molar masses of 10,000 and 1,000,000 Da gives a polydispersity of 25.5 (M n =...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 05:23

... materials of optimum properties and leads to the understanding of the behavior of already known polymeric materials, the elusive goal of every modern material scientist 1.3 Chain Statistics of Macromolecules ... concludes the discussion of Atoms, Small, and Large Molecules The major topics of this first chapter of the book were the identification of all types of molecules, the naming of macromolecules, and ... of Chemistry,” he wrote there: “In the present state of our knowledge we are not able to determine whether light be a modification of caloric, or caloric be, on the contrary, a modification of...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 05:23

... possible to interpret the behavior of polymeric materials as is described in more detail on-hand of a larger series of examples in Chaps and The understanding of polymeric materials at this level has ... in the lower part of Fig 2.80 illustrates this statement Equation (1) in Fig 2.81 expresses the time dependence of the total rate of change of entropy of the system in terms of the flux and production ... asymmetric counterpart of the wagging motion, i.e., one hydrogen atom comes out of the plane of the paper while the other goes back behind the plane of the paper The stretching of the C C bond (#9)...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:20

... recognition of mesophases and mesophase glasses as states of intermediate order and their study by thermal analysis has become of great importance for the understanding of the multitude of materials ... discovery of colloids Today, such small phases are better called microphases [27] In microphases, the effect of the surfaces cannot be neglected Surface free energies and charges (surface potentials) ... description of states is achieved through their major functions and variables of state listed in Fig 2.116 One can deduce from the microscopic picture of the states of matter that the enthalpy of the...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:20

... poly(oxymethylene) on a single-crystal surface of NaCl Clearly the crystal order of the NaCl surface affects the alignment of the subsequently grown polymer crystals This transmittal of order is called epitaxy ... top of the fold surfaces of polymer lamellae This surface would otherwise be inactive for further growth and restrict polymer crystals to single lamellae (see Chap 5) An example of a series of ... Dynamics of Chemical and Phase Changes _ to note that the lines of intersection of neighboring crystals are straight This is a consequence of nucleation of all...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:20

... shown at the bottom of the figure for the case that L is the same in all directions of space The volume of the cube as a function of temperature can then be expressed in terms of the linear and ... the concept of latent heat He noticed that when ice melts, it takes up heat without change of temperature He held a position as Professor of Chemistry and Anatomy at the University of Glasgow, ... the calorimeter or breaking an ampule of one of the reactants to initiate the process More advanced versions of this type of calorimeter involve compensation of heat flow, as shown in Sect 4.2.5...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:20

... illustrates the evaluation of the constant - as the slope of a plot of the square of the reciprocal of the uncorrected specific heat capacity as a function of the square of the frequency as suggested ... material analyzed become mobile at Tg The DSC of the glass transition is thus a major source for characterization of materials Quantitative Analysis of the Heat of Fusion The melting transition with ... description of the time-dependent Ts as the sum of the two components The sketch of the unit circle links the maximum amplitudes of the two components Furthermore, the standard addition theorem of trigonometric...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:20

... Handbook of Chemistry and Physics CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL Sect 4.3 The main reference for DSC of Materials is the two-volumes compendium: Turi E (1997) Thermal Characterization of Polymeric Materials ... describe the behavior of matter if the ratios of stress to strain or of stress to rate of strain is not constant, known as stress anomalies Plastic deformation is a common example of such non-ideal ... defined as the number of atoms in exactly 12 g (0.012 kg) of the isotope 12 of carbon The number of particles per mole is 6.02214×1023, Avogadro’s number The principles of thermogravimetry are...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:20

... tools of thermal analysis of polymeric materials In this section, the upper temperature limit of the crystalline state is explored on the basis of experimental data on the thermodynamics of melting, ... leave the surface of the crystal, indicating the first stages of fusion 530 Structure and Properties of Materials _ Fig 5.106 Fig 5.107 5.3.5 Deformation of Polymers ... sequence of Figs 5.103 105 illustrates the details of the diffusion of a chain through the crystal The figures refer to a chain that was driven into the direction of 528 Structure and Properties of Materials...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:20

... State of High Polymers J Polymer Sci, Part C 1: 41–64 CHAPTER _ Single Component Materials In the last two chapters of the book on Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials ... heat-flow rate is a direct measure of the evolution of the latent heat of crystallization From the heat of fusion, one expects a crystallinity of 64%, the total amount of solid material, however, when ... small amount of reversible melting of either short-chain impurities on the crystal surfaces, or a small fraction of poorly crystallized pentacontane A small amount of irreversible melting of impurities...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:20

... into The electron micrograph of Fig 6.78 depicts melt-grown polyethylene lamellae of thicknesses of 18 22.5 nm, grown at 403 K on the surface of the (110) growth face of an extended-chain crystal, ... (Figs 3.89 and 6.28) A first observation of decoupling of melting concerns the limiting reversibility of crystals grown from a distribution of molecules of low molar mass In this case two physical ... creation of points of decoupling and a possible mechanism of reversible melting at the growth face Figure 6.69 is linked to the molecular nucleation in Fig 3.74 Because of the transfer of stress...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:20

... heat of fusion of the macromolecule in Eq (15) of Fig 7.6 can be replaced by Hf/x, the heat of fusion of the macromolecule per reference volume of the low-molar-mass component 1, which is often ... negative) The sum of the free enthalpies of mixing of the two solutions is given by the tangent to the two concentrations of phase separation On gradually entering the region of phase separation ... independent of the lower melting component, a typical behavior of macromolecules Figure 7.14 contrasts the liquidus line of a polyethylene with a molar mass of 25,000 Da with those of its oligomers...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:20

... the sharpness of the glass-transition region is an important, often neglected tool for the characterization of polymeric materials and will be further explored in the discussion of the next two ... of the glass transition regions, respectively, defined in Fig 2.117 The value of T increases sharply with the surface area of the microphase For the transition of the phases surrounded by a surface ... that thermal analysis of the glass transition region gives important information for the description of materials Every one of the seven characteristics of the glass transition of Fig 2.117 contains...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:20

... Correction of the Heat-flow Rate 833 The use of the corrections B in Fig A.11.2 needs two calibration runs of the DSC of Fig 4.54 The heat capacities of the calorimeter ... Eq (3), i.e., the combined effect of a number of causes acting together is the sum of the effects of the causes acting separately This allows the description of phase transitions by evaluating ... heat-flow rate expressions of sketch B of Fig A.11.2 yields the two heat-flow rates of Fig A.11.3 and their difference, expressed in 834 Appendix 11–Online Correction of the Heat-flow Rate ...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:20

... number of 462, 462, 463 spinodal decomposition 712, 712 spherulite 240, 499–503, 500–502 growth 259–260, 260 hedgehog-type 500, 501, 500, 501 Popoff-type 500, 501 Staudinger state, functions of, ... 323 Thermochimica Acta 77, 331 thermocouple 287–289, 288 table of EMF 288 thermodynamic functions, of carbon 325, 326, 325, 326 of paraffins 327–329, 328, 329 thermodynamics, and motion V, 167, ... applications 408–412, 408–412 instrumentation 406–408, 407 measurement, of the expansivity 298, 298 of the glass transition 298, 298 modes of measurement 407 principle 404–406, 404–406 temperature-modulated...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:20

... diagram of the intensity of the scattered light The length of each of the lines of the doughnut-shaped, three-dimensional figure indicates the intensity of scattered light in the direction of the ... direction of your vision is just right Flying saucers also belong into this category of phenomena, although here the diffuse reflection and refraction originate at surfaces of vortices of the air ... the intensity of the light scattered from an incident light beam should increase with the inverse fourth power of the wavelength of the latter, with the sixth power of the radius of the scattering...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:20