interpretation of data for clinical decisions

... Essentials of Neuroimaging for Clinical Practice This page intentionally left blank Essentials of Neuroimaging for Clinical Practice Edited by Darin D Dougherty, ... Wilson Boulevard Arlington, VA 22209–3901 www.appi.org Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essentials of neuroimaging for clinical practice / edited by Darin D Dougherty, Scott L Rauch, ... book For these reasons and because human and mechanical errors sometimes occur, we recommend that readers follow the advice of physicians directly involved in their care or the care of a member of...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 11:20

... imaging, and clinical indications for neuroimaging in general, and we offer guidance for selecting between CT and MRI tomography (CAT), was one of the first noninvasive imaging techniques for three-dimensional ... superimposed blurred images of structures lying on either side of that plane CT scanning consists of a series of tomograms, or slices, through sections of the body However, its method of image acquisition ... located on the opposite side of traumatic Figure 1–7 ESSENTIALS OF NEUROIMAGING FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE CT scan of a normal brain: brain and bone windows at the level of the mastoid air cells Figure...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 11:20

... principles and utility of MRI as they pertain to clinical applications A brief review of the technical foundations of MRI can facilitate the technology’s proper use for optimal clinical advantage ... Foundations of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance The phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was discovered in the 1940s, setting the stage for the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for ... atomic nuclei have unpaired nucleons, and therefore have angular momentum, only a subset of these are of use for biological substrates (Lufkin 1998) Of all atoms in humans with unpaired nucleons,...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 11:20

... responsible for the enhancement For most tumors, the degree of tumor enhancement tends to correlate with degree of malignancy Contrast images are essential for the neuroimaging evaluation of a new ... diverge Clinical Utility Although DTI currently remains primarily a research tool, clinical applications are being developed Indeed, DTI offers great promise for the evaluation of a variety of neuropsychiatric ... pathology for midline crossing (e.g., malignant brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforma) Coronal slices tend not to be performed as part of a routine MRI protocol; it is therefore often necessary...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 11:20

... Combining volumetric data with other potentially informative markers (e.g., apolipoprotein E genotyping, functional neuroimaging) may offer potential for improving diagnostic accuracy For clinical purposes, ... diseases (indeed, the search for such data has been a major driving force in the development of functional MRI in psychiatric neuroscience) However, a brief review of the literature in regard ... pneumoencephalographic data) (Johnstone et al 1976) These findings led to a proliferation of CT and subsequent MRI studies of schizophrenia (Shenton et al 2001) Beginning with one of the first MRI study of schizophrenia...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 11:20

... and 131I-altropane for SPECT, 11C-altropane and 11C-CFT for PET) Both of these components of the dopaminergic system serve as neuronal markers for determining the degree of loss of dopaminergic ... aspects of the biological process of interest For example, blood flow or glucose metabolism can be ascertained throughout the brain at the level of resolution of the PET or SPECT camera If these data ... following the introduction of the radiopharmaceutical of interest Characterization of the regional uptake and washout of the radiopharmaceutical over time allows for quantification of blood flow, glucose...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 11:20

... different states of neural activity The use of endogenous contrast agents 96 ESSENTIALS OF NEUROIMAGING FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE obviated the need for injecting foreign molecules into the bodies of healthy ... Charges for an hour of clinical imaging can run to the hundreds of dollars Therefore, the total number of imaging minutes is one of the parameters that must be considered in the tradeoffs when ... detection of neural activation, the best way to compare data across different subjects, the best way to visualize and report the results of data analysis) A host of software tools are available for data...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 11:20

... other modalities For Alzheimer’s disease, detection of decreases in NAA levels in the parahippocampal gyrus offers potential for early detection of loss of viable neurons indicative of a neurodegenerative ... yet arrived Potential Clinical Applications fMRI has many possible clinical applications A very active current area of research is the use of fMRI for presurgical planning for patients with brain ... context (retinotopic mapping of the visual cortex) with a phenomenon of long-standing clinical importance (migraine headaches) Migraines are an intense form of headache that often is preceded by visual...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 11:20

... specificity and sensitivity before the full constellation of clinical signs and symptoms have evolved Some of the most powerful strategies for early diagnosis of AD entail use of data from functional ... standard method of diagnosis In fact, early diagnosis—before an individual develops all of the signs and symptoms of a condition—can be of great clinical value In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), for instance, ... Magnetoencephalography Use of Magnetoencephalography in Psychiatry The two current most common clinical uses of magnetoencephalography are in localization of epileptiform activity and presurgical mapping of sensory...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 11:20

... sequences, 96 potential clinical applications of, 103 research methods for, 97–103 in schizophrenia, 94, 99, 122 for serial scanning, 93–94 software tools for, 102 spatial resolution of data from, 94 temporal ... spectroscopy, 107 data analysis for, 78–79 future directions for, 91 measurement of blood flow by, 79 principles of, 77 camera, 77, 77 photon emission, 77 radionuclides, 77, 77 radiopharmaceuticals for, 77–79, ... 93–103, 130 advantages of, 93 comparing brains with, 102 comparing groups with, 102 data analysis for, 99–102 basic detection of change, 100 preprocessing, 100 systematic detection of change, 100–102,...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 11:20

... tracking of patients lost to follow up for clinical outcomes and death [20] Second, we have introduced weekly electronic downloads of laboratory data, and the use of prescription data on, for example, ... cohort database Data audit In the audit of quality of data on OIs, toxicities and treatment discontinuation or modification in the routine clinic database based on a medical records review of 100 ... in either data collection or data entry Although some of these databases have quality assurance and auditing programmes [4,7], there has been no systematic evaluation of the quality of data in...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 08:20

... value for that probeset A variety of algorithms exist to this, but all offer some kind of weighted or trimmed average, often moderated by an estimate of background signal While Affymetrix offer ... full data for each of these genes (step 5) The software allows journal quality cartoons to be generated depicting the genomic structure of the region of interest and colored according to, for ... monolithic probeset is created for each gene Although this loses information at the level of individual exons, it offers the opportunity of providing gene-level data similar to those presented...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 07:21

... reduction of energy requirements for heating is 11.3% for Athens and 6.1% for Thessaloniki On the contrary, for the cooling period of the 1993-2002 decade, an increase of the energy demands of the ... calculations were performed for all the winter and summer months for the two cities, and the energy requirements of the building were calculated for heating and cooling with temperature data of the decade ... performance of buildings – Calculation of energy Use for space heating and cooling, International Organization for Standardization, 2008 [2] ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, American Society of...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 16:10

... architecture An example Introduction for the security    Networks and exchanges of data Computer security The risks Networks and exchanges of data  For the exchange of the data, we've changed the technology ... obtain a lot of services But Inside an Intranet we find a lot of data and information For the live of the company, they're critical If in the network, the security is bad, the information can ... Communications most effectives Distribution of the information is better The interconnection for all these networks use Internet for the simple reasons :    Data shared with the clients and the partners...

Ngày tải lên: 09/12/2013, 17:22

... Genogram of Peter’s family Figure 2: Behavioural formulation for Peter when the picking of his cuticles 13 indicates positive automatic reinforcement Figure 3: Behavioural formulation for Peter ... score for social AZL/TACQOL functioning questionnaire In terms of prevalence of children at risk for HRQOL problems, Considered children with CD at risk for prevalence of problems in areas of motor ... Assessment Information from Peter’s mother Information from Peter’s step-father Information from Peter’s key worker Information from my behavioural observation Behavioural formulation 11 Systemic formulation...

Ngày tải lên: 12/02/2014, 12:20

... particular form of loss of a parent for a period of time while they go in search of income Orphans and deserted children are very dependent on the availability and quality of replacement carers for ... likely site of abuse Child prostitution and survival sex constitute an additional form of abuse or area of vulnerability for children Children may be forced by poverty into exchanging sex for money ... arrangements For example, residents of informal settlements use communal taps, which are available within a distance of 500 metres Residents of formal houses, on the other hand, make use of onsite...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 00:20

... great demand for bioinformatics to provide a statistically valid interpretation of compound lists produced experimentally Currently, several bioinformatics approaches are available for metabolomics ... amount of data per experiment, high-throughput technologies also brought the challenge of translating such data into a better understanding of the underlying biological phenomena A number of tools ... Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) Journal compilation ª 2009 FEBS ¨ 2091 TICL – a tool for interpretation of compound lists quality of the produced model TICL is the first tool for the analysis...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 01:20

... a method of choosing appropriate values for the setting function δ of the active set and for the constant value ω of the inactive set These two problems are closely related The size of the active ... (Sparse) All of our model variants were based on Sparse model For the hyper parameter , we empirically selected 0.001 for Method (this preserves 99% of probability density), for Method 2, and for Methods ... language data sets (Table 1): Penn Treebank3 for part -of- speech tagging (PTB), phrase chunking data4 (CoNLL00), named entity recognition data5 (CoNLL03), grapheme-to-phoneme conversion data6 (NetTalk),...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 17:20

... 10-14 years of age but the relative proportion of it decreased as age increased, from 36 percent for those younger than years of age to only 12 percent for adolescents 15-19 years of age For 15-19 ... one-fourth of the cases The second most common type of cancer was malignant tumors of the central nervous system for younger than and 5-9 years of age, and lymphoma for 10-14 and leukemia for 1519 ... understanding the causes of these cancers within populations of children The concept of multiple causation has direct implications for the interpretation of research on the causes of cancer Suppose...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 01:20

... steps of the process in terms of the extent to which they make use of contextual information in computing values Then, recognition is that phase which makes use only of expressioninternal information ... the semantics of that part of the expression To maintain a strong separation between recognition and interpretation, one could simply recompute this partial information in the interpretation ... ‘context-free’ semantics of the expression The role of the recognition process is then to compute as much of the semantic content of a temporal expression as can be determined on the basis of the expression...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 01:20