internetworking with tcp ip vol ii pdf

... 7.2 General form of an IP datagram, the TCP/ IP analogy to a network frame. IP specifies the header format including the source and destination IP addresses. IP does not specify the ... data go undetected. Fields SOURCE IP ADDRESS and DESTINATION IP ADDRESS contain the 32-bit IP addresses of the datagram's sender and intended recipient. Although the datagram may ... bits of the 3-bit FLAGS field control fragmentation. Usually, application software using TCPIIP does not care about fragmentation because both frag- mentation and reassembly are automatic

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... directly to multiple networks. Both hosts and routers participate in routing an IP datagram to its destination. When an application program on a host attempts to communicate, the TCPJIP protocols ... is to make IP routing decisions. What about multi-homed hosts? Any computer with multiple network connections can act as a router, and as we will see, multi-homed hosts running TCPJIP have all ... you have access to an implementation of IP, revise it and test your locally available im- plementations of IP to see if they reject IP datagrarns with an out-of-date version number.

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... specify the IP address of the original source and the IP address of the ultimate destination?. When IP executes the routing algorithm, it selects a new IP address, the IP address of ... host may have multiple physical connec- tions, each with its own IP address. When an IP datagram arrives, the machine must compare the destination internet address to the IP address for each ... later. Sec. 8.4 Table-Driven IP Routing 8.4 Table-Driven IP Routing The usual IP routing algorithm employs an Internet routing table (sometimes called an IP routing table) on each machine

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... endlessly. As mentioned previously, to prevent datagrams from circling forever in a TCP/ IP internet, each IP datagram contains a time-to-live counter, sometimes called a hop count. A router ... operate indepen- dently, with each machine maintaining its own notion of the current time. Clocks that differ widely can confuse users of distributed systems software. The TCPJIP protocol suite ... the IP address scheme. We said that the 32-bit addresses are carefully assigned to make the IP addresses of all hosts on a given physical network share a common prefix. In the original IP

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... internet with hundreds of networks and thousands of hosts. They did not foresee tens of thousands of small networks of personal computers that would suddenly appear in the decade after TCP/ IP was ... across the WAN toward their des- tination. To make demultiplexing efficient, transparent routers often divide the IP address into multiple parts and encode information in unused parts. For example, ... that they only work with networks that have a large address space from which to choose host addresses. Thus, they work best with class A networks, and they do not work well with class C networks.

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... were found, declare a routing error; Figure 10.8 The unified IP routing algorithm. Given an IP datagram and a routing table with masks, this algorithm selects a next hop router to which ... example demonstrates a technique often employed with unnumbered net- works. Rather than leaving the next hop empty, it is filled with one of the IP addresses assigned to the next-hop router ... space. Work had begun on defining an entirely new version of IP with larger addresses. To accommodate growth until the new version of IP could be stand- ardized and adopted, however, a temporary

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... multiple internet addresses map to the same hardware ad- dress. The third technique, a TCPnP standard called subnet addressing, allows a site to share a single IP network address among multiple ... to test along with a number of bits to skip. The second, a level compressed trie, provides additional optimization by eliminat- ing one or more levels in the trie that can be skipped along ... classful addresses, the set of reserved IPV4 prefmes contains a CIDR block that spans multiple classes. Figure 10.16 lists the values in CIDR notation along with the dotted decimal value of the

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... The realistic diagram in Figure 11.2b shows that the IP software may communicate with multiple high-level protocol modules and with multiple network interfaces. Although a diagram of conceptual ... 11.5.1 The TCPAP 5-Layer Reference Model The second major layering model did not arise from a standards committee, but came instead from research that led to the TCPIIP protocol suite. With a ... Transport Protocol Packets Internet IP Datagrams Network Interface Network-Specific Frames ; Hardware ; Figure 11.5 The 4 conceptual layers of TCPIIP software above the hardware layer,

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... while the TCPIIP protocols provide an example of a different layering scheme. In practice, protocol software uses multiplexing and demultiplexing to distinguish among multiple protocols within ... contents. Multiplexing and demultiplexing occur at almost every protocol layer. For exam- ple, after the network interface demultiplexes frames and passes those frames that con- tain IP datagrams ... IP module, the IP software extracts the datagram and demulti- plexes further based on the transport protocol. Figure 11.11 demonstrates demultiplex- ing at the Internet layer. A Demultiplexing

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... the destination IP address without interacting with the IP layer. However, the source IP ad- dress depends on the route IP chooses for the datagram, because the IP source address ... from IP. 12.8 UDP Multiplexing, Demultiplexing, And Ports We have seen in Chapter 11 that software throughout the layers of a protocol hierarchy must multiplex or demultiplex among multiple ... cannot know a source IP address unless it interacts with the IP layer. We assume that UDP software asks the IP layer to compute the source and (possi- bly) destination IP addresses, uses

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... times, TCP computes an elapsed time known as a sample round trip time or round trip sample. Whenever it obtains a new round trip sample, TCP adjusts its notion of the average round trip ... why, recall that TCP segments travel encapsulated in IP da- tagrams which are encapsulated in physical network frames. Thus, each segment has at least 40 octets of TCP and IP headers in ... mance. Large segments result in large IP datagrams. When such datagrams travel across a network with small MTU, IP must fragment them. Unlike a TCP segment, a fragment cannot be acknowledged

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... sending membership reports Type 0x11 0x11 0x16 0x17 Group Address unused (zero) used used used 0x12 used Meaning General membership query Specific group membership query Membership report Leave ... simple internet with three networks connected by a router that illustrates multicast forwarding Hosts marked with a dot participate in one multicast group while those marked with an "x" w c i ... knowledge of group membership We also said that IP allows any host to join or leave a multicast group at any time, which results in rapid membership changes More important, membership does not follow...

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... Internet sites participate in the MBONE; the MBONE allows hosts at participating sites to send and receive multicast datagrams, which are then propagated to all other participating sites The MBONE ... tunnel is needed when two or more hosts wish to participate in multicast applications, and one or more routers along the path between the participating hosts not run multicast routing software Figure ... illustrates the concept ?Recall that routed is the UNIX program that implements RIP Sec 17.24 The Mrouted Program 34 net net (with no support Figure 17.10 An example internet configuration that requires...

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... obtain a page The browser begins with a URL, extracts the hosmarne section, uses DNS to map the name into an equivalent IP address, and uses the IP address to form a TCP connection Sec 28.7 53 HTTP ... can further optimize by pipelining requests (i.e., send requests backto-back without waiting for a response) Pipelining is especially attractive in situations where multiple images must be retrieved ... using a new TCP connection for each data transfer That is, a client opens a TCP connection and sends a GET request The server transmits a copy of the requested item, and then closes the TCP connection...

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... assumes that IpAddress has already been defined) IpAddrEntry ::= SEQUENCE { ipAdEntAddr IpAddress, ipAdEntIflndex INTEGER, ipAdEntNetMask IpAddress, ipAdEntBcastAddr IpAddress, ipAdEntReasmMaxSize ... assign numeric values to ipAddrEntry and to each item in the IpAddrEntry sequence For example, the definition: ipAddrEntry { ipAddrTable ) specifies that ipAddrEntry falls under ipAddrTable and has ... internet mgmt mib ip A MIB variable named ipInReceives has been assigned numeric identifier under the ip node in the namespace, so its name is: iso org dod internet mgmt mib ip ipInReceives and...

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... syndrome (SWS) 246 urgent data 222 window 245 window advertisement 220 zero window 220 TCP protocol 209, 215 TCP/ IP TCPIIP Internet Protocol Suite 13 TDM 714 TDMA 714 technology independence Index telephone ... 328 IGP 295 I 95, 97 P IPV4 602 IPV6 602 Internet 95 MOSPF 343, 347 MTP 518 OSPF 293, 308 PIM 343, 344 RARP 89, 90 RIP 293, 296 RTCP 544 RTP 542 SMTP 518 SNMP 556 ST 602 TCP 209, 215 TELNET 486 ... Multicast extensions to OSPF 343, 347 multimode 354 multipart type (MIME) 523 multiple access 28 multiplex 192, 699 multiplicative decrease 233, 699 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions 522 mutable fields...

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... Foreword xxiii Preface xxvii Chapter Introduction And Overview The Motivation For Internetworking The TCPIIP Internet Internet Services History And Scope ... Networking 40 viii Contents 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 ANSNET 44 A Very High Speed Backbone (vBNS) 45 Other Technologies Over Which TCPIIP Has Been Used Summary And Conclusion 50 46 Chapter Internetworking ... Interconnection 54 Properties Of The Internet 55 Internet Architecture 56 Interconnection Through IP Routers 56 The User's View 58 All Networks Are Equal 58 The Unanswered Questions 59 Summary 60...

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... Principle 187 Layering In The Presence Of Network Substructure 189 Two Important Boundaries In The TCPIIP Model 191 The Disadvantage Of Layering 192 The Basic Idea Behind Multiplexing And Demultiplexing ... Establishing A TCP Connection 237 Initial Sequence Numbers 239 Closing a TCP Connection 239 TCP Connection Reset 241 TCP State Machine 241 Forcing Data Delivery 243 Reserved TCP Port Numbers 243 TCP Performance ... Encapsulation And IP MTU Size 361 Packet Type And Multiplexing 362 IP Address Binding In An ATM Network 363 Logical IP Subnet Concept 364 Connection Management 365 Address Binding Within An WS 366...

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... Motivation For Changing IPv4 600 The Road To A New Version Of IP 601 The Name Of The Next IP 602 Features Of IPv6 602 General Form Of An IPv6 Datagram 603 IPv6 Base Header Format 603 IPv6 Extension Headers ... Parsing An IPv6 Datagram 606 IPv6 Fragmentation And Reassembly 607 The Consequence Of End-To-End Fragmentation 607 IPv6 Source Routing 608 IPv6 Options 609 Size Of The IPv6 Address Space 610 IPv6 Colon ... introduction to TCP/ IP for the uninitiated is a very difficult task While combining the explanation of the general principles of computer communication with the specific examples from the TCP/ IP protocol...

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... because it allowed programmers to use TCPIIP protocols with little effort Thus, it encouraged researchers to experiment with TCPm The success of the TCP/ IP technology and the Internet among computer ... Technologies Other Books In the Internetworking Series from Douglas Comer and Prentice Hall Internetworking With TCP/ IP Volume 11: Design, Implementation, and Internals (with David Stevens), 3rd edition: ... algorithm interacts with the Partridge-Kam exponential retransmission backoff algorithm and how routing updates interact with datagram forwarding Internetworking With TCP/ IP Volume 111: Client-Server...

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