internetworking with tcp ip pdf volume 3

... when sending membership reports. Type Group Address Meaning 0x1 1 unused (zero) General membership query 0x1 1 used Specific group membership query 0x1 6 used Membership report 0x1 7 ... network 3 I BCDE I network 2 Figure 17.7 A simple internet with three networks connected by a router that illustrates multicast forwarding. Hosts marked with a dot parti- cipate in ... of group membership. We also said that IP allows any host to join or leave a multicast group at any time, which results in rapid membership changes. More important, membership does not follow

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... page. The browser begins with a URL, extracts the hosmarne section, uses DNS to map the name into an equivalent IP address, and uses the IP address to form a TCP connection Sec. 28.7 ... further optimize by pipelining requests (i.e., send requests back- to-back without waiting for a response). Pipelining is especially attractive in situations where multiple images must be retrieved ... a new TCP connection for each data transfer. That is, a client opens a TCP connection and sends a GET request. The server transmits a copy of the requested item, and then closes the TCP connection.

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... Switching 37 2 multicast 29, 68, 144, 31 9, 32 0, 34 0, 34 7,612,6 13, 699 address 29, 32 3 data-driven 33 9 demand-driven 34 3 group 32 1 router 32 2, 32 6 tunnel 34 0 Multicast Area Border Router 34 7 ... 264 HELLO 2 93, 30 5 ICMP 129 IGMP 32 8 IGP 295 IP 95, 97 IPV4 602 IPV6 602 Internet 95 MOSPF 34 3, 34 7 MTP 518 OSPF 2 93, 30 8 PIM 34 3, 34 4 RARP 89, 90 RIP 2 93, 296 RTCP 544 RTP ... circuit 35 6 persistent connection 532 PF-DIET 415, 418 physical address 29, 78, 7 03 physical layer 182 piggybacking 21 1 PIM 34 3, 34 4,7 03 PING 133 , 146 ,39 8,7 03 pipe 416 pipeline 532 playback

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... 7.2 General form of an IP datagram, the TCP/ IP analogy to a network frame. IP specifies the header format including the source and destination IP addresses. IP does not specify the ... data go undetected. Fields SOURCE IP ADDRESS and DESTINATION IP ADDRESS contain the 32 -bit IP addresses of the datagram's sender and intended recipient. Although the datagram may ... header extends to an exact multiple of 32 bits (recall that the header length field is specified in units of 32 -bit words). 7.8 Internet Datagram Options The IP OPTIONS field following the

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... by including a sequence of IP addresses in the option as Figure 7.14 shows. 0 8 16 24 31 I CODE( 137 ) I LENGTH I POINTER I IP ADDRESS OF FIRST HOP IP ADDRESS OF SECOND HOP Figure ... directly to multiple networks. Both hosts and routers participate in routing an IP datagram to its destination. When an application program on a host attempts to communicate, the TCPJIP protocols ... is to make IP routing decisions. What about multi-homed hosts? Any computer with multiple network connections can act as a router, and as we will see, multi-homed hosts running TCPJIP have all

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... specify the IP address of the original source and the IP address of the ultimate destination?. When IP executes the routing algorithm, it selects a new IP address, the IP address of ... host may have multiple physical connec- tions, each with its own IP address. When an IP datagram arrives, the machine must compare the destination internet address to the IP address for each ... later. Sec. 8.4 Table-Driven IP Routing 8.4 Table-Driven IP Routing The usual IP routing algorithm employs an Internet routing table (sometimes called an IP routing table) on each machine

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... the IP address scheme. We said that the 32 -bit addresses are carefully assigned to make the IP addresses of all hosts on a given physical network share a common prefix. In the original IP ... operate indepen- dently, with each machine maintaining its own notion of the current time. Clocks that differ widely can confuse users of distributed systems software. The TCPJIP protocol suite ... bits in the hostid portion of their IP address identlfy a physical network. To participate in subnet addressing, a host needs to know which bits of the 32 -bit internet address correspond to

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... Subnet 0 1 65 534 2 2 1 638 2 3 6 81 90 4 14 4094 5 30 2046 6 62 1022 7 126 51 0 8 254 254 9 51 0 126 10 1022 62 11 2046 30 12 4094 14 13 81 90 6 14 1 638 2 2 Figure ... site, possibly with multiple physical networks, and the local portion identifies a physical network and host at that site. The example of Figure 10 .3 showed subnet addressing with a class ... interpretation of a 32 -bit IP address in the original IP address scheme, and (b) conceptual interpretation of ad- dresses using the subnet scheme shown in Figure 10 .3. The lo- cal portion

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... (subnet of address N) Net 3 (subnet of address N) Figure 10.7 An example (illegal) topology with three networks where Nets 2 and 3 are subnets of a single IP network address, N. ... were found, declare a routing error; Figure 10.8 The unified IP routing algorithm. Given an IP datagram and a routing table with masks, this algorithm selects a next hop router to which ... example demonstrates a technique often employed with unnumbered net- works. Rather than leaving the next hop empty, it is filled with one of the IP addresses assigned to the next-hop router

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... while the TCPIIP protocols provide an example of a different layering scheme. In practice, protocol software uses multiplexing and demultiplexing to distinguish among multiple protocols within ... contents. Multiplexing and demultiplexing occur at almost every protocol layer. For exam- ple, after the network interface demultiplexes frames and passes those frames that con- tain IP datagrams ... IP module, the IP software extracts the datagram and demulti- plexes further based on the transport protocol. Figure 11.11 demonstrates demultiplex- ing at the Internet layer. A Demultiplexing

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... the destination IP address without interacting with the IP layer. However, the source IP ad- dress depends on the route IP chooses for the datagram, because the IP source address ... from IP. 12.8 UDP Multiplexing, Demultiplexing, And Ports We have seen in Chapter 11 that software throughout the layers of a protocol hierarchy must multiplex or demultiplex among multiple ... cannot know a source IP address unless it interacts with the IP layer. We assume that UDP software asks the IP layer to compute the source and (possi- bly) destination IP addresses, uses

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... (128.2.254. 139 , 1184) and (128.10.2 .3, 53) . It might seem strange that two connections can use the TCP port 53 on machine 128.10.2 .3 simultaneously, but there is no ambiguity. Because TCP associates ... Service (TCP) Chap. 13 13. 1 4 TCP Checksum Computation The CHECKSUM field in the TCP header contains a 16-bit integer checksum used to verify the integrity of the data as well as the TCP header. ... times, TCP computes an elapsed time known as a sample round trip time or round trip sample. Whenever it obtains a new round trip sample, TCP adjusts its notion of the average round trip

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... round trip time is slightly longer than some multiple of T. Implementations of TCP that associate acknowledgements with the most recent re- transmission have been observed in a stable state with ... values in the table are equivalent to using y =2. 230 Reliable Stream Transport Service (TCP) Chap. 13 TCP recomputes the round trip estimate and resets the timeout accordingly. Experience ... 13. 12 The TCP retransmission timer for the data from Figure 13. 10. Arrows mark two successive datagrams where the delay dou- bles. 13. 20 Response To Congestion It may seem that TCP

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... TCP. For example, a domain name server can be accessed either with TCP or with UDP. In ei- ther protocol, port number 53 has been reserved for servers in the domain name system. 13. 30 TCP ... released. 13. 27 TCP State Machine Like most protocols, the operation of TCP can best be explained with a theoretical model called afinite state machine. Figure 13. 15 shows the TCP finite ... program instructs TCP to shut down the connection completely, TCP sends the second FIN segment and the original site replies with the third message, an ACK. Sec. 13. 26 TCP Connection

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... 248 Reliable Stream Transport Service (TCP) Chap. 13 13. 32 .3 Send-Side Silly Window Avoidance The heuristic a sending TCP uses to avoid silly window syndrome is both surpris- ... data into large segments. 13. 33 Summary The Transmission Control Protocol, TCP, defines a key service provided by an in- ternet, namely, reliable stream delivery. TCP provides a full duplex ... routers use to exchange routing information. Sec. 14 .3 Routing With Partial Information 255 14 .3 Routing With Partial Information The principal difference between routers and typical hosts

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... longer part of the TCPJIP standards$, it does provide a concrete example of distance-vector routing. GGP was designed to travel in IP da- tagrams similar to UDP datagrams or TCP segments. Each ... adopted the term IP router, scientists originally used the term IP gateway. $The IETF has declared GGP historic, which means that it is no longer recommended for use with TCPAP. Sec. ... always produce desirable results. For example, a path with hop count 3 that crosses three LANs may be substantially faster than a path with hop count 2 that crosses two slow speed serial

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... 00 73 0b d4 6d 00 00 04 3b 8c 28 28 20 0d 00 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 d ... is 08.00 (IP) Internetworking With TCP/ IP vol 1 Part 2 18 2005 Remainder Of This Section d History of Internet protocols (TCP/ IP) d Organizations d Documents Internetworking With TCP/ IP vol 1 ... 2644) Internetworking With TCP/ IP vol 1 Part 1 21 2005 Why Study TCP/ IP? d The Internet is everywhere d Most applications are distributed Internetworking With TCP/ IP vol 1 Part 1 8 2005 Summary d TCP/ IP is...

Ngày tải lên: 19/10/2013, 23:15

... Of IP 601 33 .6 The Name Of The Next IP 602 33 .7 Features Of IPv6 602 33 .8 General Form Of An IPv6 Datagram 6 03 33 .9 IPv6 Base Header Format 6 03 33 .10 IPv6 Extension Headers 605 33 .11 ... xxii Chapter 33 The Future Of TCPnP (IPv6) Contents 599 33 .1 Introduction 599 33 .2 Why Change? 600 33 .3 New Policies 600 33 .4 Motivation For Changing IPv4 600 33 .5 The Road To ... Connection 239 13. 26 TCP Connection Reset 241 13. 27 TCP State Machine 241 13. 28 Forcing Data Delivery 2 43 13. 29 Reserved TCP Port Numbers 2 43 13. 30 TCP Performance 2 43 13. 31 Silly Window...

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2014, 13:35

... Over Which TCPIIP Has Been Used 46 2.12 Summary And Conclusion 50 Chapter 3 Internetworking Concept And Architectural Model Introduction 53 Application-Level Interconnection 53 Network-Level ...

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... Consequences Of TRPF 33 5 17.20 Multicast Trees 33 7 17.21 The Essence Of Multicast Routing 33 8 17.22 Reverse Path Multicasting 33 8 17. 23 Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol 33 9 17.24 The ... Reassembly 36 1 18.11 Datagram Encapsulation And IP MTU Size 36 1 18.12 Packet Type And Multiplexing 36 2 18. 13 IP Address Binding In An ATM Network 36 3 18.14 Logical IP Subnet Concept 36 4 18.15 ... (MOSPF) 34 7 17.29 Reliable Multicast And ACK Implosions 34 7 17 .30 Summary 34 9 Chapter 18 TCPnP Over ATM Networks 18.1 Introduction 35 3 18.2 ATM Hardware 35 4 18 .3 Large ATM Networks 35 4...

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