... (SOX) mandate the rotation ofthe lead audit partner, but not the audit firm itself, every years However, because of concerns about the threat to auditor independence, SOX also directed the United ... as they further consider the need for mandated audit firm rotation The following section reviews prior literature and develops research questions Then, the experimental design is described andthe ... unobservable, investors perceptions matter and perceived lack ofindependence can be as damaging as an actual violation ofindependence (Olazabal and Almer, 2001) The importance ofinvestors perceptions...
... statements, and memoranda have dealt with the status, function, andthe (il)legality ofthe use and possession of this category of ‘weapons of mass destruction’,1 and almost all of them agree ... Weapons, pp 3–4 For a discussion of these early days of nuclear physics andthe lives, education and work of Rutherford and Bohr see the chaps and in: Rhodes, The Making ofthe Atomic Bomb, pp 29–77 ... on the illegality ofthe use of nuclear weapons In operative para 1, the Assembly declared: ‘(a) The use of nuclear and thermo-nuclear weapons is contrary to the spirit, letter and aims of the...
... warming and loss of biodiversity It is in the context ofthe huge (but largely unaccountable) impact of accounting and accountants that the demise of Arthur Andersen andthe financial scandals ofthe ... After the enactment ofthe United States Securities Acts at the beginning ofthe 1930s, andthe subsequent creation ofthe Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the concept ofauditorindependence ... scandals of 2002 andthe enactment ofthe Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which modifies the concept ofauditorindependence once again towards the concept of protecting the interests ofinvestorsand creditors...
... consider rotation of auditors as a means of enhancing auditorindependenceand building investor confidence The Commission believes that the cost ofauditor rotation is less than the costs of crises in ... length oftheauditor tenure within rotation have on the bank loan of cers’ perceptions of audit firms’ independence? RQ2a: Does the rotation ofthe external audit firm affect the bank loan of cers’ ... six-year auditor tenure (AFR6 hereafter) Loan of cers were instructed to read the case materials, render their perceptions oftheindependenceofthe CPA performing the financial statement audit, and...
... America andthe Law ofthe Sea’, in L M Alexander (ed.), The Law ofthe Sea: A New Geneva Conference Proceedings ofthe 6th Annual Conference ofthe Law ofthe Sea Institute, Kingston, Rhode Island, ... effective execution ofthe object and purpose ofthe Convention or which affect either the application ofthe basic principles embodied herein’ or the rights and obligations of other parties This ... globalism and regionalism in the law ofthe sea is at its most evident and most complex in Part XII ofthe LOS Convention There is no doubt that the fundamental elements ofthe law ofthe marine...
... identification theory than with the competition theory III THE A "COMPETITION" THEORY OF FUNcTIONALriY AND ITs TESTS The "Competition" Theory The "competition" theory of functionality142 is currently the ... because they possess some quantum of value beyond the identification of their source On the other hand, the competition theory maintains the opposite view-these features are not functional because they ... loss to the plaintiff, both by reason of confusing the source ofthe defendant's product, and by reason ofthe peculiarly unwholesome associ"39 ation of [other] ideas By permitting the owner of a...
... judgments, including the nature and degree of risk, the condition ofthe particular population involved, andthe nature and level ofthe anticipated benefits (v) Relevant risks and benefits must ... investigators and members of their institutions are obliged to give forethought to the maximization of benefits andthe reduction of risk that might occur from the research investigation In the case of ... the subjects should understand clearly the range of risk, andthe voluntary nature of participation A special problem of consent arises, where informing subjects of some pertinent aspect of the...
... explanation of: The purpose and scope ofthe ISA, including how the ISA relates to other ISAs • The subject matter ofthe ISA • The respective responsibilities oftheauditorand others in relation to the ... of other relevant ISAs A70 The requirements ofthe ISAs are designed to enable theauditor to achieve the objectives specified in the ISAs, and thereby the overall objectives oftheauditorThe ... achieved, theauditor shall evaluate whether this prevents theauditor from achieving the overall objectives oftheauditorand thereby requires the auditor, in accordance with the ISAs, to modify the...
... above) consisting ofthe freedom of appropriation of GR andof TK on the part ofthe inventor on one side, while on the other the users in the country in question had to purchase the secondary products ... engine, other uses of oil, gas, and mineral resources, andthe advancement of fishing technology.27 The codification ofthe CBD marks the same tendency of defining the expanding sovereign rights of States ... theProtectionof New Varieties of Plants (UPOV)37 andthe FAO’s ITPGRFA The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) andthe Substantive Patent Law Treaty (SPLT), on the one hand, andthe relevant soft...
... indicates the tryptic C- and N-lobe fragments derived from bLF bearing either 3, or N-linked glycans Left-hand numbers (10)3 · Mr) indicate the migration ofthe protein standards protein band of Mr ... numbers (10)3 · Mr) indicate the migration ofthe protein standards hC2-tryp, hC1-tryp and hN1-tryp represent the tryptic C- and N-lobe fragments of hLF bearing either or N-linked glycans Ó FEBS ... is rather subtle and did not appear from comparative studies of natural hLF and rhLFcDNA by in vitro and in vivo antigenicity, ironbinding and release and binding to several ligands [21] The only...
... by the firm to the NIAO The statutory responsibility rests with the NIAO andthe C&AG certifies the account Tender Evaluation 2.14 The NIAO will award a contract for each lot on the basis ofthe ... knowledge ofthe issues and problems relating to the public sector andofthe corporate governance framework in place in the sector Only staff who are trained and suitably qualified to undertake the ... International Standards on Auditing (UK and Ireland) issued by the Auditing Practices Board The C&AG has personal responsibility for signing the audit certificate for the accounts of all ofthe organisations...
... provided by the continuous performance ofthe freezer engine Thermal homogeneity was achieved through a microfan system arranged inside ofthe chamber This device provided a thermal stability of ± 0.1 ... remarkable the arrangement ofthe threshold values of frost resistance obtained in both the thermal analysis and polyelectrolyte leakage (Figs and 3) It can be observed that seeds of evergreen ... [36] could act extensively until acorn shedding These results suggest the benefits ofthe generation and conservation of mixed stands of deciduous and evergreen oaks to encourage seedling recruitment...
... contraventions oftheauditorindependence requirements ofthe Corporations Act 2001; and (b) no contraventions of any applicable code of professional conduct in relation to the audit CLERP also mandated the ... Quality between theauditorand audit clients and their effects on auditorindependence There is presently a lack of empirical evidence on the impact of CLERP on audit quality Therefore, this ... declare that the provision of NAS has not compromised auditorindependence Therefore, the objective ofthe current study is to investigate whether the implementation of CLERP mitigates the association...
... ofthe accruals measures presented in Figure 1; the number of consecutive years that the firm has retained the auditor; the number of years of data available on Compustat since 1980; the log of ... calculate auditor tenure as the number of years that the firm has retained the given auditor, and code auditor changes attributable to audit firm mergers as a continuation ofthe prior auditor We ... deal of attention from regulators andthe popular press as of late.4 The remainder ofthe paper is organized as follows In Section II, we summarize the arguments supporting and opposing mandatory...
... Introduction Auditorindependence is the cornerstone ofthe auditing profession In general, auditorindependence can be of two forms: independence in fact” andindependence in appearance” The former ... protecting auditorindependence in the country The paper proceeds as follows The next section discusses the literature review andthe development ofthe hypotheses Sections and present the research ... three years of engagement However, in light ofthe Enron case, the Chairman ofthe Malaysian Accounting Standard Board announced the intention ofthe board to make it mandatory to rotate the audit...
... resulting in a further sharp increase in the demand for external audits The establishment ofthe Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges andthe promulgation of new accounting and auditing standards also ... profitability, and whether there is new issue of equity after theauditor switching Prior auditor switching studies focus mainly on the auditing markets in the Western countries Nonetheless, the basic theories ... positive and significant at the per cent level (Coeff = 1.28, Wald = 3.85, p < 05) If the current status is the separation ofthe CEO andthe board of directors’ chairman andthe probability of a...
... the assurance provider andthe information intermediater Nonetheless, the utility ofthe auditing function depends upon audit quality which is determined by theindependenceof auditors andthe ... by the management (Jensen and Meckling, 1976) Thus, a series of mechanisms or measures are imposed to bind the managers and to induce them to act in the best interest ofthe owners One ofthe ... order to mitigate the negative impact ofthe unclean audit report on the firm's stock price in the market, and on the self-interests ofthe management or the controlling shareholders Auditor switching...
... the food stocks, andthe mood ofthe garrison The tactics ofthe Daily Mail captured the attention ofthe nation; the newspaper dramatized the situation ofthe town by emphasizing the danger that ... examine both the role ofthe press in the formation of public opinion about imperialism andthe role ofthe press in the formation ofthe concept of public opinion itself Mafeking Night marks the powerful ... powerful beginning ofthe New Journalism at the same time as it marks the beginning ofthe end ofthe New Imperialism The coincidence of these occasions arises from the nature ofthe South African...
... of individual, hand-to-hand combat Grand strategy, on the other hand, remained the preserve of Tiw.11 In India, too, much the same phenomenon was apparent in the role of Indra, the chief ofthe ... the mainstream of legal analysis, largely as a result ofthe crumbling of older conceptions of legitimacy andthe rise of new aspirations for democracy andthe self-determination of peoples The ... testimony both to the warlike character ofthe Greeks and to their feeling of cultural unity, the cities ofthe Amphictyonic League of Delphi agreed that, in the event of war, the combatant states...
... creating and advancing liquidity to producers; along the circuit, the financial system governs the supply and demand of funds and, at the end ofthe process, it determines the condition for the closure ... functioning andintegrityofthe circuit is the improvement ofthe quality and quantity of available information To the extent that financial institutions invest in reputational capital and financial investors ... institutions and strengthen the complementarity between the formal andthe informal sectors The poorest people of rural and urban societies live beyond the frontier of formal finance, or outside the formal...