innate cellular immune responses in hiv infection

... control of HIV- 1 infection and replication [21,22] However, it is the CD8+ cell response that is mainly responsible for controlling the viral infection and suppressing viraemia in HIV- infected individuals ... recombinant fowlpox virus and VLP(SHIV) elicit both neutralizing antibodies and IFNgamma-producing T cells against the HIV- envelope protein in mice that control env-bearing tumour cells Vaccine ... IL-2 ELISPOT responses, respectively (Figure 5) In conclusion, this study extends and confirms results of our previous work in clearly showing that enhanced cellular immune responses against Gag...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 08:21

... observed presence of autoantibodies against intermoleculary linked protein complexes, innate immune mechanisms also contribute to such events In addition, innate immune system activation provides ... suggesting T-cell help in their generation It is most likely that T-cell help is directed to histones or other DNA-binding proteins in DNA-containing nucleosomes [8] Thus, adaptive immune responses ... stimulants of the innate immune system in SLE patients may be nucleic acid/protein complexes, which can serve as both immunogens and adjuvants Innate immune sensors The nucleic acid binding TLRs appear...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 10:21

... these findings indicate and how neopterin might be used in the future While CSF neopterin has been known to be elevated in HIV infection and further increased in ADC/HIVE and CNS opportunistic infections ... cyclosporin-A, and Th2-type cytokines including interleukin-4 and -10 counteract the production of neopterin [21] The same is true for anti-inflammatory compounds including certain HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors ... neopterin and virological studies showing that virus detected in CSF likely has at least two origins [47,48] CSF Neopterin in Clinical Management of HIV Infection Given the changes in CSF neopterin...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 05:21

... vaccine does not reduce immunogenicity: pre-clinical assessment of the efficacy of a Listeria vaccine in the induction of immune responses against HIV Journal of Immune Based Therapies and Vaccines ... preexisting vector-specific immunity on vaccine potency: characterization of listeria monocytogenes-specific humoral and cellular immunity in humans and modeling studies using recombinant vaccines in ... reactivity HIV- Gag peptides (A) Percentage increase in CD44-b7 populations in response to overlapping Gag-peptide (B) Percentage increase in CD8-CD107a populations in response to overlapping Gag-peptide...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 08:21

... colony-stimulating factor induces modest increases in plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type RNA levels and CD4+ lymphocyte counts in patients with uncontrolled HIV infection J Infect Dis ... selected individuals HIV infection The evidence for the role of immunotherapy in HIV/ AIDS is ever increasing and GM-CSF might very well become a widely accepted treatment in the years to come Competing ... effect of GM-CSF as a treatment for HIV- 1 infected individuals Pre clinical and early clinical studies and the rationale for GM-CSF as an adjunctive treatment in HIV infection GM-CSF is a pleiotropic...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 10:23

... response IFN-g intracellular staining CD8+ CTL responses were assessed by measuring the mouse IFN-g production using intracellular staining The intracellular procedures were done according to Caltag ... role in liver damage during the clinical course of hepatitis C infection HCV-specific CD4+ T cells are involved in eradication of the virus in acute infection but their responses are weak and insufficient ... to liver damage in chronic HCV infections [9] HCV-specific CD8+ CTL responses are compromised in most patients who fail to clear the infection In addition, those cells have a diminished capacity...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 13:20

... chemokines Cytokine responses following intracellular infection can be classified into Th1 or Th2 type based on the activity of CD4+ T helper cells and the cytokine profiles induced Th1 cytokines include ... suggests an innate immune mechanism against B pseudomallei in the early phase of infection contributing to the relatively resistant phenotype of C57BL/6 to the infection Studies using animal models ... Finkelman et al., 1990) Studies on intracellular pathogens have demonstrated that IFN-γ, TNF-α and several interleukins (such as IL-12) play important role in innate host resistance during infection...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 10:39

... Protective Immune Responses After Dengue Infection 2.7.1 Innate immune response 2.7.1.1 Dendritic cells The innate arm of the host immune system is responsible to limit infection during the acute ... participates in innate immune functions As such, NK cells serve as a first line of defense against a broad spectrum of pathogens including viruses by clearing the virus during acute infections, ... febrile non-dengue illness presenting early in the course of infection This collaborative study involving several institutions in Singapore examines viral, clinical, host-specific, and epidemiological...

Ngày tải lên: 03/10/2015, 11:36

... pathogens [4,6-8] 3.1 The innate immune system The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading pathogens Viral infections including HIV induce the interferon (IFN) response ... chronic HIV infection on cellular signal transduction Cell signaling molecules may be regulated directly or indirectly during chronic HIV infection In the direct setting, HIV and its proteins (Gp120, ... pool of intracellular dNTPs and thus restricts HIV- 1 infection in DC by blocking reverse transcrip‐ tion These recent important findings respecting a formerly unknown cryptic innate sensor in DC,...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 02:20

... PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IN HIV INFECTION IN TANZANIA clinical and immunological studies Gibson S Kibiki PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IN HIV INFECTION IN TANZANIA clinical and immunological studies ... (5) HIV infection is a potent risk factor for TB The interaction of TB and HIV is formidable: rates of active TB are higher in HIV infected persons than in persons without HIV, because HIV increases ... Chapter Due to an ongoing breakdown of cellular immunity in TB /HIV dual infection, the host is subject to a variety of infections including viruses In this study we determine the prevalence of...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 18:20

... an intermediate in the process leading to HIV infection Results To determine if TAS was an intermediate step in the process of HIV fusion leading to infection we compared the ability of known inhibitors ... the initial binding events of HIV to the target cells at 4°C were CD4independent Next we analyzed the kinetics of coreceptor engagement as revealed by infection becoming resistant to fusion inhibitors ... extent Since the readout for fusion in this analysis is HIV infection of target cells, it suggests that the TAS is an intermediate in the steps leading to functional virion fusion and subsequent infection...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 01:20

... themselves, including using condoms, and encouraging them to test for HIV, as well as helping those already infected In this study, we investigated the geographical clustering of HIV infection using ... clinical trials in HIV prevention, playing an important role in the fight against HIV (G Ramjee, personal communication) The role of this unit includes teaching thousands of women about caring ... devastating impact in this region, geostatistical approaches have received increasing attention as a way of determining possible “hotspots” of HIV infection and prioritizing areas for intervention...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 08:20

... adding an equal volume of 4% formaldehyde fixative After washing and incubating with PBS/BSA/saponin for 10 min, cells were incubated with for 30 min, respectively Results were analyzed using ... suggesting that the elevation of IL-4 production during an ongoing immune response to tumor can down-regulate Th1 cytokine production Therefore, in gastrointestinal cancer patients, the initial ... differ in cytokine secretion, immune responses have been classified into type responses that provide cell-mediated immunity, and type responses that support B cell functions and the humoral immune...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 04:21

... [32-35] Indeed, HIV replication has been nominated the main driving force behind CD8+ T-cell activation [32,33] Similar to the stabilization of HIV- RNA levels following initial infection, an immune ... use of Antiretroviral Drugs in HIV- 1-Infected Adults and Adolescents In Clinical Guidelines for the Treatment and Managment of HIV Infection Edited by: Infection PCPTHIV USA , Department of Health ... DTH-type responses give an indication of CD4+ T-cell function in vivo It has been shown that DTH responses decline in parallel with CD4+ T-cells resulting in a corresponding increase in mortality...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 05:20

... Hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance are induced by protease inhibitors independent of changes in body composition in patients with HIV infection J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000, 23(1):35-43 Murata ... ABI in patients with HIV is greater than in the general population, especially regarding those with a high ABI It remains to be determined whether the current cut-off points for the non-infected ... Giannini S, Baldelli F, Leone M, Belfiori B, Guglielmini G, Malincarne L, Gresele P: HIV type infection, and not shortterm HAART, induces endothelial dysfunction AIDS 2009, 23(5):589-596 Grinspoon...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 05:21

... better protection against influenza virus infections compared to the other routes evaluated in the present studies Enhancing mucosal immune responses is a key indicator in determining whether polyphosphazenes ... immunized with influenza virus antigens Vaccine 2007, 25:1204-1213 14 Mutwiri GK, Babiuk LA: Potential of polyphosphazenes in modulating vaccine-induced immune responses II: Investigations in large ... Protection against influenza virus infection by vaccine inoculated intranasally with cholera toxin B subunit Vaccine 1988, 6:409-413 27 Tamura S, Ito Y, Asanuma H, Hirabayashi Y, Suzuki Y, Nagamine T,...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 08:21

... respective control vaccine [7,8] In addition to enhancing antibody responses, CpG ODNs have been shown to induce or enhance cellular immune responses to HIV, toxoplasma, and HBV in mice [3,9-11] Although ... in a hyporesponsive population, the induction of cellular immune responses, as measured by antigen specific PBMC function, is a better predictor of vaccine induced protection from influenza infection ... system 10 11 Conclusion In summary, we have demonstrated that CpG was capable of inducing cellular immune responses to hepatitis B vaccine antigen in effectively treated HIV- infected adults This...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 10:23

... cytometric phenotype staining; CM9, Gag-CM9 tetramer staining; D, duodenum; C, colon; B, BAL; P, PBMC; ICS, intracellular cytokine staining no significant activation was observed in BAL or colonic ... reduce viral RNA load not only in blood but also in all mucosal tissues investigated Since during the acute phase of HIV infection a reservoir of latently infected resting CD4+ T-cells is established, ... detailed mucosal immune analyses of intestinal lymphocytes from well-defined cohorts including HIV controlling individuals reported recently a strong CD8+ and CD4+ dependent rectal mucosal immune response...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 01:20

... demonstrating their relative intracellular stability [136] Maintenance of circular HIV cDNA in dividing cells can be rescued when an origin of replication is introduced into integrase-defective HIV ... following viral binding to coreceptors is important in infection [114], excessive additional signalling after entry might interfere with infection Rev may interact with viral integrase and the ... host chromatin in association with integrase, and also aids virus to preferentially integrate in open chromatin [63-65] Blocking the integrase-LEDGF/p75 interaction with small molecule inhibitors...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 01:21

... control HIV- 1 infection [12] Nevertheless, the simultaneous expression of both subunits of the inhibitory receptor on CD8+ T cells has hardly been studied in HIV infection Costa et al using two-color ... relationship with HIV- 1 viraemia Immunostaining was performed with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies in 100 μl of peripheral blood from HIV- 1 infected patients Participants included 46 HIV- 1 infected ... healthy and HIV- 1 infected controls (viraemic and aviraemic) There was a dramatic decline in the proportion of CD8+ T cells expressing the CD94/NKG2A heterodimer in HIVinfected patients in comparison...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22