income income inequality poverty and social status

... poorer and lower social status groups than for the richer and higher social status groups The negative correlation between birth rates and rates of natural increases, on one hand, and economic status ... transmission of education and earning (see, e.g., Becker and Tomes(1979), Galor and Tsiddon (1997), Mookherjee and Ray (2003), Davies, Zhang and Zeng (2005) and Docquier, Paddison and Pestieau (2007)) ... fertility, and skill-biased technological change 2.1 Intergenerational Mobility, Income Inequality and Fertility The research on the intergenerational correlation of economic and social status is...

Ngày tải lên: 09/10/2015, 11:24

... regions and all income groups during the recent period of globalization At the same time, however, income inequality has increased mainly in middle- and high -income countries, and less so in lowincome ... Quintile Income Shares Regressions…………………… ……… …………………….22 Income Inequality Panel Regressions (Regional Heterogeneity).…………………….…23 Figures Income Inequality Within Income Country Groups and Selected ... and Rodrik (1994), Benabou (1996), Galor and Moav (2004), Galor and Zeira (1993), Greenwood and Jovanovic (1990), Kremer and Chen (2002), and Persson and Tabellini (1994) Prominent contributions...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 19:20

... women’s poverty. 18 18 Morris Young Women Work: Community Economic Development Reduce Women’s Poverty and Improve Income This work is required for households to function, and for children and elders ... familiarity and comfort with computer technology, and supports such as childcare, in order to Young Women Work: Community Economic Development Reduce Women’s Poverty and Improve Income participate ... identifying opportunities to develop an “up stream” approach and prevent a lifetime of low-wages and poverty for women and their families As girls and women, the participants speak of shared experiences...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 08:20

... the determination of income inequality The questions regarding whether greater income inequality is conducive to China's growth and the role of degree of reform for growth and inequality have been ... paper We find a positive correlation between income inequality and growth, that reform plays a dominant role in determining growth and income inequality, and that steady growth can not be emphasized ... that should be considered in income distribution and growth Based on this framework, equations are developed for urban income inequality, rural income inequality, growth and inflation Contradicting...

Ngày tải lên: 21/08/2014, 07:54

Ngày tải lên: 06/10/2014, 14:20

... Greenwood and Jovanovic’s (1990) model predicts an inverted u-shaped relationship between income inequality and financial sector development, with income inequality first increasing and then decreasing ... indicators and data for financial intermediary development and income inequality as well as the set of conditioning information Table presents descriptive statistics and correlations The income inequality ... development and income inequality, might seriously exacerbate problems related to measurement error (Griliches and Hausman, 1986) Since income inequality tends to change relatively slowly over time and...

Ngày tải lên: 25/04/2016, 08:16

... of public and publicly guaranteed external debt to gross domestic product and to exports, and debt service on the same debt to exports to judge debt sustainability Country policies and institutional ... Performance Based Allocation System which is based on the level of poverty measured by per capita income and performance assessed by the CPIA and governance The level of debt distress of a country is ... Conclusions and Recommendations 18 CPIA 20 Debt Thresholds and Indicators 21 Annexes Debt Indicators 23 Country Performance Ratings for 2003 25 List of References 32 ABBREVIATIONS CPIA Country Policy and...

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 08:15

... balance and payments and budgets, the mix of loans and grants in its future financing arrangements, and the build-up of its repayment capacity relative to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and export and ... Sustainability in Low Income Countries: Proposal for an Operational Framework and Policy Implications by Mark Allen and Gobind Nankani, IMF and IDA, February 3, 2004 Debt Sustainability and Financing ... discussed above and in Annex These were the PV of public and publicly guaranteed external debt to GDP, exports, and government revenue, and debt service on the same debt to exports, and government...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... policies and institutional capability and vulnerability to shocks are other factors identified as being important for assessing a country’s debt sustainability In particular, country policies and ... debt distress and the debt thresholds for the chosen indicators are policy decisions that need to be made Footnote 19 in “Debt Sustainability in Low Income Countries” by Mark Allen and Gobind Nankani, ... chosen indicators of countries with poor, medium and strong institutional capabilities and quality of policies with the cut offs at the 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles of the CPIA index ranked in...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... resources, safety nets; and poverty monitoring and analysis; and • Public sector management and institutions, including property rights and rule-based governance; quality of budgetary and financial management; ... policy and foreign exchange regime; financial stability and depth; banking sector efficiency and resource mobilization; competitive environment for the private sector; factor and product markets; and ... criteria used and the CPIA for 2003 • Economic management, including management of inflation and the current account; fiscal policy; management of external debt; and management and sustainability...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... considerations raise questions of why countries with similar institutional and policy performance as judged by the CPIA and similar per capita income levels receive IDA allocations on different terms based ... charges and commitment fees) materialize and upfront charges for grants are levied (to replace foregone principal reflows) it would reduce the need to harden the credit terms for both IDA only and ... credits, and imposing upfront charges on grant recipients Additional grant financing by donors is made up of two parts The first is the upfront payment by donors of the foregone service and commitment...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... considerations raise questions of why countries with similar institutional and policy performance as judged by the CPIA and similar per capita income levels receive IDA allocations on different terms based ... charges and commitment fees) materialize and upfront charges for grants are levied (to replace foregone principal reflows) it would reduce the need to harden the credit terms for both IDA only and ... credits, and imposing upfront charges on grant recipients Additional grant financing by donors is made up of two parts The first is the upfront payment by donors of the foregone service and commitment...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... lending and grants Given the importance of DSAs for each low income country in the application of the DSF and borrowing from the IMF, it is necessary that these be conducted in a collaborative and ... experience and little applied knowledge (e.g., institutional development, gender equality, and labor-intensive growth) The United Nations has a stronger mandate to work in the political arena and assess ... would be World Bank and/ or IMF supported stabilization programs They would normally call for reduced levels of borrowing on unaffordable terms, and for more concessional borrowing and grant financing...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... Conclusions and Recommendations 59 The framework summarized in the paper starts with a grouping of all low income countries in accordance with the performance of institutions and effectiveness ... community, in general, and IDA, in particular, to allocate credits and grants to low -income countries in ways that foster debt sustainability and achievement of the MDGs Recommendations also seek to address ... ratings and the inputs expected from and the involvement of national staff in the process There should be opportunities for the Bank to present their findings both to the country concerned and donor...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... single year from its earnings from goods and non-factor services c) Public debt outstanding to GDP or GNI ratio compares the total of domestic and external outstanding to the size of the economy Present ... proportion of exports of goods and non- factor services that are absorbed for debt service payments on both long and short-term debt Debt Burden Ratios a) The total debt outstanding to GDP or GNI ratio ... GNI ratio compares the amount of disbursed debt outstanding to the size of the economy b) The total debt outstanding to exports of goods and non-factor services ratio measures the ability of...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... equal access to entry and exit in all products and sectors • Factor and product markets This item addresses the policies that affect the efficiency of markets for land, labor and goods Countries ... Poverty monitoring and analysis This item assesses both the quality of poverty data and its use in formulating policies Public sector management and institutions • Property rights and rule-based ... Minujin and Enrique Delamonica, Working Paper of the Division of Policy and Planning, UNICEF, December 2003 41 Report on the Evaluation of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) and the Poverty...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... between income and health, and suggest that this and the more general literature on income and health both suggest the utility for both science and policy of better understanding how much, when, and ... broader social and economic policies and specifically income support policies For example, discussions around reforms to Social Security and Supplemental Security Income (a means tested income ... between income and health While increased research and attention on the health impacts of income supports is critical, U.S research and policy on the relationship between income, income supports and...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 13:20

... arrangements and women’s health Social Science and Medicine, 26, 2, 201–8 Antonucci, T C 1990 Social supports and social relationships In Binstock, R H and George, L K (eds), Handbook of Aging and the Social ... Nathanson, C A 1980 Social roles and health status among women : the significance of employment Social Science and Medicine, 14a, 6, 463–71 Oakley, A and Rajan, L 1991 Social class and social support, ... Gerontological Social Work, 20, 3/4, 167–85 Kessler, R C and McLeod, J D 1985 Social support and mental health in community samples In Cohen, S and Syme, S L (eds), Social Support and Health Academic Orlando,...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 14:20

... employee social security contributions net of standard cash transfers Standard tax relief measures – including those linked to marital and family status and income level – are accounted for Non-standard ... analysis of the policy and non-policy determinants of overall income inequality, assessing separately the drivers of labour income inequality and the redistributive role of tax and transfer systems ... patterns of inequality For example, in five English-speaking countries (Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom) and the Netherlands wages are rather dispersed and the share...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 20:20

... freedom and civil liberties in 192 countries and eighteen disputed territories since 1955 and produced a rating between one and seven and an overall designation of ‘‘free,’’ ‘‘partly free,’’ and ... fermentation tanks for dangerous and violent militants The low levels of economic and social development increase the appeal of political extremism and encourage political violence and instability However, ... B Krueger and Jitka Maleckova,10 in which the socioeconomic and educational backgrounds of Palestinian suicide bombers were found to be quite diverse and random Moreover, the Krueger and Maleckova...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 20:20