in the tcp ip stack

... Chapter 6, The Linux TCP/ IP Stack, ” covers basic elements of the Linux TCP/ IP stack, including the glue that holds the stack together Information about general kernel facilities is included if ... and IPv6 and other protocols The directory linux/net/ipv4 contains IPv4 sources and the protocols TCP and UDP Most of the IPv6 files are in linux/net/ipv6 The network interface drivers are in linux/drivers/net ... administration Instead, we concentrate on the internal implementation of Linux TCP/ IP Before diving into IP routing in later chapters, it is necessary to introduce the IP addressing scheme Differentiating...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:32

... Chapter 6, The Linux TCP/ IP Stack, ” covers basic elements of the Linux TCP/ IP stack, including the glue that holds the stack together Information about general kernel facilities is included if ... and IPv6 and other protocols The directory linux/net/ipv4 contains IPv4 sources and the protocols TCP and UDP Most of the IPv6 files are in linux/net/ipv6 The network interface drivers are in linux/drivers/net ... administration Instead, we concentrate on the internal implementation of Linux TCP/ IP Before diving into IP routing in later chapters, it is necessary to introduce the IP addressing scheme Differentiating...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:35

... field, and including the urgent data at the beginning of the TCP data segment accomplish this The urgent pointer field records the number of bytes from the beginning of the TCP header to the last ... essential to the operation of the Internet Together, TCP, UDP, IP, and associated protocols are known as the TCP/ IP suite TCP/ IP facilitates interconnection and internetworking Since 1982, when the Defense ... way If they needed to go further than one link could carry them, they were repeated over the next link, and the next, until they arrived at the terminal closest to their destination There, they...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 00:20

... Encapsulates the TPDU with the Internet header to form the IPDU 2.4 Internet Model 41 When receiving, the Internet layer: • Accepts the IPDU from the network interface layer • Notes the version of IP in ... manufacturers to imprint during the manufacturing process • The routing information indicator bit (bit in byte of the source address) indicates whether Token Ring source routing information is present ... ⇐01111110/01011111/11111101/11111011/01111110 The first bits and the final bits are underlined—they are the beginning and ending flags (07E, 01111110) In between, there is a section of the data stream (also underlined) that mimics the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:20

... available), and inserting in the frame the rings and bridges of the chosen route are all done by the source Individual bridges are unaware of the route; they as instructed by the frame information In contrast, ... following the source address In addition, the source sets the first bit in the first byte of the source address to to indicate the frame carries source routing information Nodes along the route ... support On the return of the RM cell to the source, the sending rate is adjusted accordingly If the RM cell returns to the source without the CI bit set, the sender can increase the sending rate...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:20

... concerning routes between the node owning the table and the potential destination nodes At a minimum it includes the destination ID, intermediate interface ID(s) and forwarding address(es), and information ... as the router, and the datagram is sent to the forwarding address contained in the table entry • Network mask: A bit mask is used to determine the network ID of the destination IP address An IP ... which the IP datagram is forwarded for eventual delivery to the destination IP address The IP address to which the IP datagram is to be forwarded on its next hop While the routing table contains information...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:20

... combined with path information for the TUG to form another virtual container (VC-3 or VC-4) By adding pointers to indicate the start of these virtual containers, the VCs are converted to administrative ... of the all-0s bytes in the stream of 96 bytes The eighth bit in the byte is used to indicate whether more all-0s bytes follow At the receiver, the stream is reassembled with all-0s bytes in their ... 0.005 inch) The refractive index varies from the center to the outside to focus optical energy in the center of the strand and guide it along the length Shown in Figure 7.8, in such a fiber, the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:20

... terminal 2; and the other links the send port on terminal to the receive port on terminal While one link may carry data in response to a command on the other link, the exact positioning of the ... If the called party’s line is not in use, the voice connection is set up through the calling CO, the calling toll/tandem, the connecting DNHR tandem, the called toll/tandem, and the called CO IN ... can be interactive with the participants exchanging information as necessary (sometimes at the same time) • It can be in the style of a debate with the participants addressing each other in turn...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:20

... data begins For the smallest header, the Data Offset field is set to 0x5 meaning the TCP segment data begins with the 20th byte offset from the beginning of the TCP segment For the maximum TCP header ... technique (linear block coding), the sender adds check bits to information bits in a known way building on the principle of parity checking In another technique (convolutional coding), the sender ... channels and recombined at the terminating point The channels are selected so that they overlap but the carriers not interfere with each other (i.e., they are orthogonal) OFDM uses the inverse fast...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:20

... address) InvARP is used to determine the IP address of the interface at the other end of the virtual circuit IP Datagram header A combination of the transport layer PDU and the Internet layer IP multicast ... contained in feeder cables connect the main distributing frame in the central office (CO) to feeder distribution interfaces Feeder distribution interface In the local loop, the interface between the ... Application-level filtering In VLAN, by testing the data contained in several frames with the characteristics of the application and the features of the destination, the filter determines whether to forward...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:20

... node is the final destination, the IP address is irrelevant and ARP is not needed to resolve the destination MAC address If the receiving node is not the final destination, the IP destination ... Store-and-forward In switching, the entire frame is received and stored in the input buffer before being forwarded over a switch path to the buffer serving the port connected to the destination In the process ... 93 over point-to-point links, 91 Routing Information Protocol (RIP), 95–96 routing table, 94 static routing, 94 Routing information indicator bit, 48 Routing Information Protocol (RIP), 95–96...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:20

... field, and including the urgent data at the beginning of the TCP data segment accomplish this The urgent pointer field records the number of bytes from the beginning of the TCP header to the last ... essential to the operation of the Internet Together, TCP, UDP, IP, and associated protocols are known as the TCP/ IP suite TCP/ IP facilitates interconnection and internetworking Since 1982, when the Defense ... layer It contains IP and other associated protocols They provide the frame with originating and terminating addresses to guide the PDU to its destination The bottom layer is the network interface...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:20

... classless interdomain routing (CIDR), the technique expresses a group of contiguous addresses as a single routing address by entering the lowest address of the group in the routing tables and noting the ... layer The network or destination address is included in the IP datagram at the Internet layer The socket number (or application address) is included in the segment at the transport layer The diagram ... originating and terminating locations Many of these functions are implemented in software However, with continuing improvements in the capabilities of integrated circuit chips, an increasing...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:20

... manufacturers to imprint during the manufacturing process • The routing information indicator bit (bit in byte of the source address) indicates whether Token Ring source routing information is present ... Encapsulates the TPDU with the Internet header to form the IPDU TLFeBOOK 2.4 Internet Model 41 When receiving, the Internet layer: • Accepts the IPDU from the network interface layer • Notes the version ... ⇐01111110/01011111/11111101/11111011/01111110 The first bits and the final bits are underlined—they are the beginning and ending flags (07E, 01111110) In between, there is a section of the data stream (also underlined) that mimics the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:20

... available), and inserting in the frame the rings and bridges of the chosen route are all done by the source Individual bridges are unaware of the route; they as instructed by the frame information In contrast, ... following the source address In addition, the source sets the first bit in the first byte of the source address to to indicate the frame carries source routing information Nodes along the route ... support On the return of the RM cell to the source, the sending rate is adjusted accordingly If the RM cell returns to the source without the CI bit set, the sender can increase the sending rate...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:20

... concerning routes between the node owning the table and the potential destination nodes At a minimum it includes the destination ID, intermediate interface ID(s) and forwarding address(es), and information ... as the router, and the datagram is sent to the forwarding address contained in the table entry • Network mask: A bit mask is used to determine the network ID of the destination IP address An IP ... which the IP datagram is forwarded for eventual delivery to the destination IP address The IP address to which the IP datagram is to be forwarded on its next hop While the routing table contains information...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:20

... combined with path information for the TUG to form another virtual container (VC-3 or VC-4) By adding pointers to indicate the start of these virtual containers, the VCs are converted to administrative ... of the all-0s bytes in the stream of 96 bytes The eighth bit in the byte is used to indicate whether more all-0s bytes follow At the receiver, the stream is reassembled with all-0s bytes in their ... 0.005 inch) The refractive index varies from the center to the outside to focus optical energy in the center of the strand and guide it along the length Shown in Figure 7.8, in such a fiber, the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:20

... terminal 2; and the other links the send port on terminal to the receive port on terminal While one link may carry data in response to a command on the other link, the exact positioning of the ... If the called party’s line is not in use, the voice connection is set up through the calling CO, the calling toll/tandem, the connecting DNHR tandem, the called toll/tandem, and the called CO IN ... can be interactive with the participants exchanging information as necessary (sometimes at the same time) • It can be in the style of a debate with the participants addressing each other in turn...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:20

... Application-level filtering In VLAN, by testing the data contained in several frames with the characteristics of the application and the features of the destination, the filter determines whether to forward ... contained in feeder cables connect the main distributing frame in the central office (CO) to feeder distribution interfaces Feeder distribution interface In the local loop, the interface between the ... the immutable fields in the received frame are identical to those in the frame that was sent Authentication header In IPv4, authentication information is carried in an authentication header inserted...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:20