... Chapter 6, The Linux TCP/ IP Stack, ” covers basic elements of the Linux TCP/ IP stack, including the glue that holds thestack together Information about general kernel facilities is included if ... and IPv6 and other protocols The directory linux/net/ipv4 contains IPv4 sources and the protocols TCP and UDP Most of the IPv6 files are in linux/net/ipv6 The network interface drivers are in linux/drivers/net ... administration Instead, we concentrate on the internal implementation of Linux TCP/ IP Before diving into IP routing in later chapters, it is necessary to introduce theIP addressing scheme Differentiating...
... Chapter 6, The Linux TCP/ IP Stack, ” covers basic elements of the Linux TCP/ IP stack, including the glue that holds thestack together Information about general kernel facilities is included if ... and IPv6 and other protocols The directory linux/net/ipv4 contains IPv4 sources and the protocols TCP and UDP Most of the IPv6 files are in linux/net/ipv6 The network interface drivers are in linux/drivers/net ... administration Instead, we concentrate on the internal implementation of Linux TCP/ IP Before diving into IP routing in later chapters, it is necessary to introduce theIP addressing scheme Differentiating...
... field, and including the urgent data at the beginning of theTCP data segment accomplish this The urgent pointer field records the number of bytes from the beginning of theTCP header to the last ... essential to the operation of the Internet Together, TCP, UDP, IP, and associated protocols are known as the TCP/ IP suite TCP/ IP facilitates interconnection and internetworking Since 1982, when the Defense ... way If they needed to go further than one link could carry them, they were repeated over the next link, and the next, until they arrived at the terminal closest to their destination There, they...
... Encapsulates the TPDU with the Internet header to form the IPDU 2.4 Internet Model 41 When receiving, the Internet layer: • Accepts the IPDU from the network interface layer • Notes the version of IPin ... manufacturers to imprint during the manufacturing process • The routing information indicator bit (bit in byte of the source address) indicates whether Token Ring source routing information is present ... ⇐01111110/01011111/11111101/11111011/01111110 The first bits and the final bits are underlined—they are the beginning and ending flags (07E, 01111110) In between, there is a section of the data stream (also underlined) that mimics the...
... available), and inserting inthe frame the rings and bridges of the chosen route are all done by the source Individual bridges are unaware of the route; they as instructed by the frame information In contrast, ... following the source address In addition, the source sets the first bit inthe first byte of the source address to to indicate the frame carries source routing information Nodes along the route ... support On the return of the RM cell to the source, the sending rate is adjusted accordingly If the RM cell returns to the source without the CI bit set, the sender can increase the sending rate...
... concerning routes between the node owning the table and the potential destination nodes At a minimum it includes the destination ID, intermediate interface ID(s) and forwarding address(es), and information ... as the router, and the datagram is sent to the forwarding address contained inthe table entry • Network mask: A bit mask is used to determine the network ID of the destination IP address An IP ... which theIP datagram is forwarded for eventual delivery to the destination IP address TheIP address to which theIP datagram is to be forwarded on its next hop While the routing table contains information...
... combined with path information for the TUG to form another virtual container (VC-3 or VC-4) By adding pointers to indicate the start of these virtual containers, the VCs are converted to administrative ... of the all-0s bytes inthe stream of 96 bytes The eighth bit inthe byte is used to indicate whether more all-0s bytes follow At the receiver, the stream is reassembled with all-0s bytes in their ... 0.005 inch) The refractive index varies from the center to the outside to focus optical energy inthe center of the strand and guide it along the length Shown in Figure 7.8, in such a fiber, the...
... terminal 2; and the other links the send port on terminal to the receive port on terminal While one link may carry data in response to a command on the other link, the exact positioning of the ... If the called party’s line is not in use, the voice connection is set up through the calling CO, the calling toll/tandem, the connecting DNHR tandem, the called toll/tandem, and the called CO IN ... can be interactive with the participants exchanging information as necessary (sometimes at the same time) • It can be inthe style of a debate with the participants addressing each other in turn...
... data begins For the smallest header, the Data Offset field is set to 0x5 meaning theTCP segment data begins with the 20th byte offset from the beginning of theTCP segment For the maximum TCP header ... technique (linear block coding), the sender adds check bits to information bits in a known way building on the principle of parity checking In another technique (convolutional coding), the sender ... channels and recombined at the terminating point The channels are selected so that they overlap but the carriers not interfere with each other (i.e., they are orthogonal) OFDM uses the inverse fast...
... address) InvARP is used to determine theIP address of the interface at the other end of the virtual circuit IP Datagram header A combination of the transport layer PDU and the Internet layer IP multicast ... contained in feeder cables connect the main distributing frame inthe central office (CO) to feeder distribution interfaces Feeder distribution interface Inthe local loop, the interface between the ... Application-level filtering In VLAN, by testing the data contained in several frames with the characteristics of the application and the features of the destination, the filter determines whether to forward...
... node is the final destination, theIP address is irrelevant and ARP is not needed to resolve the destination MAC address If the receiving node is not the final destination, theIP destination ... Store-and-forward In switching, the entire frame is received and stored inthe input buffer before being forwarded over a switch path to the buffer serving the port connected to the destination Inthe process ... 93 over point-to-point links, 91 Routing Information Protocol (RIP), 95–96 routing table, 94 static routing, 94 Routing information indicator bit, 48 Routing Information Protocol (RIP), 95–96...
... field, and including the urgent data at the beginning of theTCP data segment accomplish this The urgent pointer field records the number of bytes from the beginning of theTCP header to the last ... essential to the operation of the Internet Together, TCP, UDP, IP, and associated protocols are known as the TCP/ IP suite TCP/ IP facilitates interconnection and internetworking Since 1982, when the Defense ... layer It contains IP and other associated protocols They provide the frame with originating and terminating addresses to guide the PDU to its destination The bottom layer is the network interface...
... classless interdomain routing (CIDR), the technique expresses a group of contiguous addresses as a single routing address by entering the lowest address of the group inthe routing tables and noting the ... layer The network or destination address is included intheIP datagram at the Internet layer The socket number (or application address) is included inthe segment at the transport layer The diagram ... originating and terminating locations Many of these functions are implemented in software However, with continuing improvements inthe capabilities of integrated circuit chips, an increasing...
... manufacturers to imprint during the manufacturing process • The routing information indicator bit (bit in byte of the source address) indicates whether Token Ring source routing information is present ... Encapsulates the TPDU with the Internet header to form the IPDU TLFeBOOK 2.4 Internet Model 41 When receiving, the Internet layer: • Accepts the IPDU from the network interface layer • Notes the version ... ⇐01111110/01011111/11111101/11111011/01111110 The first bits and the final bits are underlined—they are the beginning and ending flags (07E, 01111110) In between, there is a section of the data stream (also underlined) that mimics the...
... available), and inserting inthe frame the rings and bridges of the chosen route are all done by the source Individual bridges are unaware of the route; they as instructed by the frame information In contrast, ... following the source address In addition, the source sets the first bit inthe first byte of the source address to to indicate the frame carries source routing information Nodes along the route ... support On the return of the RM cell to the source, the sending rate is adjusted accordingly If the RM cell returns to the source without the CI bit set, the sender can increase the sending rate...
... concerning routes between the node owning the table and the potential destination nodes At a minimum it includes the destination ID, intermediate interface ID(s) and forwarding address(es), and information ... as the router, and the datagram is sent to the forwarding address contained inthe table entry • Network mask: A bit mask is used to determine the network ID of the destination IP address An IP ... which theIP datagram is forwarded for eventual delivery to the destination IP address TheIP address to which theIP datagram is to be forwarded on its next hop While the routing table contains information...
... combined with path information for the TUG to form another virtual container (VC-3 or VC-4) By adding pointers to indicate the start of these virtual containers, the VCs are converted to administrative ... of the all-0s bytes inthe stream of 96 bytes The eighth bit inthe byte is used to indicate whether more all-0s bytes follow At the receiver, the stream is reassembled with all-0s bytes in their ... 0.005 inch) The refractive index varies from the center to the outside to focus optical energy inthe center of the strand and guide it along the length Shown in Figure 7.8, in such a fiber, the...
... terminal 2; and the other links the send port on terminal to the receive port on terminal While one link may carry data in response to a command on the other link, the exact positioning of the ... If the called party’s line is not in use, the voice connection is set up through the calling CO, the calling toll/tandem, the connecting DNHR tandem, the called toll/tandem, and the called CO IN ... can be interactive with the participants exchanging information as necessary (sometimes at the same time) • It can be inthe style of a debate with the participants addressing each other in turn...
... Application-level filtering In VLAN, by testing the data contained in several frames with the characteristics of the application and the features of the destination, the filter determines whether to forward ... contained in feeder cables connect the main distributing frame inthe central office (CO) to feeder distribution interfaces Feeder distribution interface Inthe local loop, the interface between the ... the immutable fields inthe received frame are identical to those inthe frame that was sent Authentication header In IPv4, authentication information is carried in an authentication header inserted...