implications for human evolution

... Under other forms of balancing selection, one allele might be very rare and therefore as yet undiscovered For example, under fluctuating selection [24], a currently deleterious, and therefore rare, ... power of large sample sizes for inferring recent demographic events All information in (b,c) is based on simulating 10 kb of sequence ignore invariant sites However, for endeavors such as resolution ... most promising applications for exome data is the study of natural selection in humans [13] Inferring patterns of natural selection on genes is a powerful approach for gauging the functional impact...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 23:20

... advantages for pollen transfer, have been selected during evolution several independent times, representing an example of convergent evolution Methods Plant material The research was performed on ... number not for citation purposes) BMC Plant Biology 2009, 9:129 showed only a faint staining for the presence of unesterified pectins (Figure 2F) Pollen cohesion Following tetrad formation, callose ... together with the information provided by Arabidopsis mutants, shows that this has occurred independently several times during evolution, suggesting that it must provide some evolutionary advantages...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 03:21

... PERINATAL EXPOSURE TO PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN HEALTH TAN JING (B.Eng., Wuhan University, China) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT ... monitored for quantification Other mass fragments are also used, such as m/z 484.7 and 486.7 for PBDE 209 and m/z 498.7 and 500.7 for 13 carbon-PBDE 209 (Dirtu et al., 2008) Alternative methods for ... data for international comparison and further temporal trend analysis Significant relationships found between levels of POPs in human tissues and exposure pathways could shed light on the need for...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 14:06

... ta “ top” nước yếu Hạn chế có hạn chế phương án đề xuất, chưa thật rõ ràng cụ thể Policy Implications for Human Development of Vietnam from the History of HDI Nguyễn Văn Đại * National Economics ... addition, a policy for the economy restructuring needs to be adopted to raise the effectiveness of in - depth growth factors Keywords: Education, economic growth, human development, Human Development ... framework 1.1 Summary of human development issues It was not until the term HDI was first used by United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in its Human Development Report (HDR) that human development...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2016, 11:24

... were performed to evaluate the functional implications of the structural data The different approaches provide new insights into the interaction of ATP with hGK, with possible implications for the ... Model 1: hGK super-open conformation (including coordinates for the Glu157–Asn179 loop) Model 2: hGK super-open conformation with inserted Glc Model 3: hGK super-open conformation with inserted ... oxygen atoms forming hydrogen bonds with Thr228 and Ser411 in the L-domain (data not shown) For comparison, when the MD simulations were performed with Glc in the super-open conformation (Fig...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 00:20

... 3JHNHa, and u vs w plots, Fig S2) imply a conformational preference for an extended structure The unambiguous conformational preference for helical structure for the C-terminal 10-peptide is manifested ... analysis was performed according to the approach established by Wishart et al [28,29] and shift differences between the Ha-protons of the human/ rat CRH analogue and their values for coil conformation ... values for a-helix structure, while w angles for Leu14 and Arg16 are considerably close to the range of values for 310 helix Additionally, Leu14 possess a u torsion angle almost typical for the...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 10:20

... be readily ‘solubilized’ using directed evolution That is, the residues responsible for the insolubility of the domain could be altered using directed evolution so that soluble mutants could ... examined for their solubility by fusing them to DHFR and monitoring the absence or presence of TMP resistance Several different-length fragments were selected for further study The genes for these ... single-length fragment were selected for a further round of shuffling Two further rounds of shuffling were completed before a mutated fragment was selected for expression, purification, and characterization...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 07:20

... 05/MRE04/3) Human IVD samples were obtained either from post-mortem samples or from surgery with the informed consent of patients or relatives All samples were assessed histologically and graded for ... WA, USA) for further analysis Data were analysed using the 2-ΔΔCt method using the housekeeping gene GAPDH and untreated controls for normalisation [7] Statistics All samples were tested for normality ... change in gene expression for MMP-9 in normal or degenerate cells or for MMP-13 in degenerate cells (Figure 1a) Interleukin-1-beta The addition of recombinant IL-1β for 48 hours resulted in a...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:20

... address the potential for over-testing, over-treatment, side effects, resistance, and risk behavior changes Ethical, human rights, political, and community concerns must be weighed before such a policy ... syringe programs (NSPs), removing the requirement for viral hepatitis testing before school and job entry, and lifting the entry ban on HIV-positive foreigner [84] Substantial progress has been made ... proven effective, oral or vaginal forms of PrEP would be useful for sexual partners and uninfected members of these high risk groups Until then, continual efforts are needed in sexual education,...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 05:21

... bioinformatic assay for pluripotency in human cells Nat Methods 2011, 8:315-317 96 Birney E, Lieb JD, Furey TS, Crawford GE, Iyer VR: Allele-specific and heritable chromatin signatures in humans ... and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA 2Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Page ... pluripotent stem cell technology for the study of human disease Nat Methods 2010, 7:25-27 109 Sun N, Longaker MT, Wu JC: Human iPS cell-based therapy: considerations before clinical applications Cell...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... that for correct functioning of an engineered IVD it is essential for the implanted cells to possess the correct phenotype Importantly, for stem cells-based tissue regeneration it is therefore ... manner However, no data were presented for differences between human NP and AC cells, so it remains unclear whether CD24 can indeed be used for distinguishing human NP cells More recently studies ... used for the arrays To minimise the effect of biological variation on differential expression, RNA was pooled from five animals for each cell type and hybridisations for each cell type were performed...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 11:23

... effects For experiments, medium was replaced with serum free DMEM (SF-DMEM), for 48 hours to induce quiescence before treatment Treatment with fibrogenic growth factors Following serum depravation for ... RhoA plasmid for hour; DMEM containing 10% FCS was added up to a volume of ml, and cultures were left for hours Following this, the transfected cells were serum deprived for 48 hours before treatment ... cyclin D1 mRNA in human lung fibrobExpression levels of cyclin D1 mRNA in human lung fibroblasts during exponential growth Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was performed on three separate human lung fibroblast...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 16:20

... in numerous human cell lines (for literature see the latest report concerning this topic, [12]) Trans-species transmission of retroviruses has occurred frequently during evolution (for review ... impact on human health One of these areas may be the xenotransplantation of porcine tissues and organs to humans Xenotransplantation is a potential solution for the shortage of allogeneic human organs ... distributed in the human population and associated with tumours and CSF, should blood donors be tested in order to avoid XMRV transmission? PERVs, XMRV and possible implications for xenotransplantation...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 23:23

... mouse genomic DNA in human blood and tissue samples, and (iii) DNA or RNA from human tumor cell lines infected with XMRV or other closely-related gammaretroviruses PCR testing for IAP sequences ... Smith: Contamination of clinical specimens with MLV-encoding nucleic acids: implications for XMRV and other candidate human retroviruses Retrovirology 2010 7:112 Submit your next manuscript to ... thought to be specific for XMRV (see below) Collectively, these data show the ease with which contamination can lead to false-positive MLV/ XMRV signals Phylogenetic support for contamination in...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 01:20

... to transform cells and the need for multiple cooperative changes in growth control mechanisms to induce leukemogenesis HTLV-1 is a complex deltaretrovirus and its genome not only encodes for the ... suggests that PTHrP is expressed before transformation of lymphocytes [26] ATLL cell adhesion up-regulated PTHrP expression [27] indicating additional roles for PTHrP besides its central role ... normalized to human β2M gene expression Specific PTHrP-promoter initiated transcripts are shown for 0, 3, and 13 weeks post co-culture in the presence of IL-2 (A), in the absence of IL-2 (B) and for MT-2...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:20

... will only Genome Biology 2007, 8:R141 information Accounting for the bias interactions A further possibility to account for reconciliation bias on noninformative branches is to iteratively remove ... represent the sum of gains and losses across only informative branches of the species trees interactions for non-informative branches, but is significant for both mammals and Drosophila (Figure and Table ... to an average of 1.3% duplications removed for every information 10% decrease in the bootstrap cut-off (the value for Drosophila is a 3.4% decrease for every 10%) The apparent cause of this slight...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 07:22

... was used to collect data for all the three types of services: a fastfood restaurant for pure service, an airline for mixed service, and a longdistance telephone company for quasi-manufacturing ... customers SERVQUAL, an instrument for measuring service quality was developed on the basis of the above five dimensions SERVQUAL has been gaining acceptance as a platform for work in service quality ... of the reasons for the importance of service quality are: q The economy of the USA and other western nations has become a service economy For example, in the USA service accounts for approximately...

Ngày tải lên: 28/01/2013, 10:57

... something for the first time) Make sure you don't make any mistakes when you _ _ the application form (to write the required information in the spaces on a form) He has _ _ the same job for ... serve a three-month probationary period 15 I am going for an for a new job next week 16 We need to draw up a for salaries for the coming year 17 We believe that the sales manager's ... company's fault, I've asked for some money for compensation Laurence has just _ damages from his company © Bloomsbury Publishing Plc For reference see Dictionary of Human Resources and Personnel...

Ngày tải lên: 17/08/2013, 10:00

... whether these efforts would necessarily lead to agricultural products with better functional properties for human health benefits, they have exposed regulation mechanisms important for increasing ... a whole organism basis and in different human sub-populations There is also a need to formulate appropriate directives for recommended daily allowance for each metabolite in each sub-population ... of current knowledge to modulate levels of these important phytonutrients for the benefit of human health and will, therefore, be separately discussed in a later part of this chapter 12.3 Flavonoids...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2013, 05:20

... put forward to explain the model Equally, testable predictions have not been generated In this book I will develop an ecological and evolutionary perspective that attempts to understand human evolution ... & Johnson, 2002) Human evolution in the Pleistocene There are inconsistencies in the ‘Out-of-Africa 2’ model that are attributable to not giving importance to gradual micro-evolutionary processes ... were a separate lineage in human evolution Using cladistics that makes them a separate species This need not be the case The Neanderthals may have embarked on a separate evolutionary course from...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 07:20