... exp(·) the exponential function Pr(·) the probability ofthe event in the brackets Re{·} the real part ofthe quantity in the brackets xii Chapter Introduction There exists of a large number of objects ... may only affect the shape of some part of an organ With these models without spatial-localization, from the variation of coefficients we could not know the location ofthe shape variations Secondly, ... integral ofthe first and second order derivative ofthe boundary, which control the tension and rigidity ofthe boundary respectively The constraint energy is introduced to allow user interaction Later,...
... ofthe frequencies ofthe input-output character pairs ofthe OCR The confusion matrix, however, is highly dependent onthe character recognition method and the quality ofthe input image It ... 3/1294 One ofthe possible alternatives to the Witten-Bell method is the Good-Turing method (Good, 1953) But we didn't usethe method since it assumes the distribution ofthe frequency of frequencies ... stroke directions to pixels and selecting just pixels onthe first, second, and third stroke encountered by the scan line The marginal distribution ofthe four direction contributivity of such three...
... improved the combination of their various lexical and grammatical features using regressionmethods (Heilman et al., 2008) We also found regressionmethods to be the most efficient ofthe statistical ... we can reduce this error, the lemma model may prove to be the best predictor ofthe three Theregression models By the end ofthe parameterisation stage, each text ofthe corpus has been reduced ... independent information in the length ofthe words that can be used for prediction Having considered the complexity of a text’s syntactic structures through the traditional factor of 22 the class j can...
... the thermodynamic probability, or the number of arrangements, ofthe state ofthe system The states with the largest value of Ω will be the ones most likely to occur This equation is carved on ... when we consider work done we have to decide on a sign convention By convention, work done on a system (energy gain by the system) is positive and work done by the system (loss of energy by the system) ... Stretching force This concept becomes more evident when we consider the statistical concept of entropy The central equation of thermodynamics The differential form ofthe first law of thermodynamics...
... using some subsets of these interfaces constantly and others not at all This section describes some ofthe most commonly used functions You can look up all of interfaces in their entirety at http://lxr.mozilla.org/seamonkey/source/rdf/base/idl/ ... functions and one attribute (URI), so it's one ofthe most common interfaces used to manipulate RDF data nsIRDFDataSource contains all the components in Example 10-6 with "datasource" in their contract ... through XPCOM The examples in this section use JavaScript and XPConnect to access the components for simplicity, but you can also use these interfaces with C++, as they are often in the actual Mozilla...
... this case The base type conversion, based onthe data's format, is done automatically 10.3.9 nsIRDFContainerUtils This interface facilitates the creation of containers and provides other container-related ... If you usethe indexOf property of nsIRDFContainer, you can also use GetCount to learn how many elements are in the container The count starts at when the container is initialized: numberOfElements ... an anonymous resource, you can create a sequence from it Then you can test the type ofthe container and see whether it's empty: // create an anonymous resource anonResource = RDF.GetAnonymousResource(...
... modern theme The next section gives more information onthe theme, such as the author, the theme name, and a description The chrome:packages structure that completes the manifest describes the packages ... facilitates the installation and useof new Mozilla software All packages, including the ones that come preinstalled with Mozilla (such as the browser, the MailNews component, and the en-US language ... all the themes defined or supplemented (since you can create a package updated for only one Mozilla component, such as the browser) by this package This section contains only one RDF:li the...
... independently from other boundaries (zeroorder) and the graphemic representation ofthe word, however, is conditioned onthe length ofthe word m j which means that the probability distribution is in fact ... describe the process of word generation from the left to the right by alternately using two dice, the first for deciding whether to place a morpheme boundary in the current word position and the second ... direction with a net increase of 0.0819 of correct boundaries which led to the increased recall Since the deduction of precision is less than the increase of recall, a better over-all performance of...
... until the convergence ofthe N -best-list likelihood Due to space constraints, we omit the proof ofthe convergence ofthe N-best list approximate EM algorithm which uses Zangwill’s global convergence ... cross-validation process is then repeated 10 times (the folds), with each ofthe 10 pieces used exactly once as the validation data The 10 results from the folds then can be averaged (or otherwise ... the same number of WORD-PREDICTOR and the same number of CONSTRUCTOR operations The hypotheses in each stack are ranked according to the log( Gk Pp (Wk , Tk , Gk |d)) score with the highest on...
... the other After consultation with teachers (future users of our system), we concluded that there are pros and cons to each side, so for the purpose of this analysis we weighted the two types of ... technique used in a variety of text classification problems SVMs are based onthe principle of structural risk minimization Viewing the data as points in a high-dimensional feature space, the goal ... curves have been used in other detection tasks in language processing, e.g Martin et al (1997) We use these curves to visualize the tradeoff between the two types of errors, and select the minimum...
... on Let's examine the interpretation of compounds Consider (3) Let's consider the representation ~' of (3b) with the highest probability: i.e., the one where cotton bag means bag made of cotton ... feature of SDRT is that if the DICE axioms yield a nonmonotonic conclusion that the discourse relation is R, and information that's necessary for the coherence of R isn't already in the constituents ... unless the bag in (5b) is one ofthe bags mentioned in (5a) i.e, u = Z and B = member -of For otherwise the events in (5) are too "disconnected" to support ant" rhetorical relation Onthe other...
... mention that control variate variance reduction techniques may be used to reduce the number of paths As control variables one may use exponentials of integrals of λ and r, whose expectations are ... dependent onthe dynamics, and the two procedures are not equivalent, and the correct one would be to equate to zero the model CDS prices (now depending on ρ, given the nonlinear nature of some ... (2002)) At the moment we content ourselves of calibrating only CDS’s for the credit part To help specifying β without further data we impose a constraint onthe calibration of CDS’s We require the β’s...
... made,off, i.e., the computation requirements are reduced by a factor of 0.50 ( the constituent reduction ratio in the last second column of Table is the ration ofthe average number of built constituents ... lexicon (word entry) contains such information as the word name, the pronunciations (the phonemes), the lexical categories and the corresponding feature structures Information contained in each word ... (using the probability selection principle and the first-1 rule, as listed in Section ) is to usethe probabilities ofthe constituents to select the search direction such that significant reduction...
... used only the statistical translation model, one used the translation model and the FTMEM, and one used the translation model and the PTMEM We initially assessed how often the translations obtained ... In 40% ofthe cases both seeds (the TMEM and the gloss) yield the same translation Only in about 15-18% ofthe cases the translations obtained from the gloss are better than the translations obtained ... from the translation memory The second sentence is correctly translated only when the system uses a TMEM seed; and fortunately, the translation of highest probability is the one obtained using the...
... find the acceleration of each particle from Newton’s second law of motion Because the acceleration is the second derivative ofthe position, we need to solve a second-order differential equation ... explain whether the following quantities are positive, negative, or zero: (a) The work done onthe block by the hand (b) The work done onthe block by the earth (c) The work done onthe hand by the ... Note that the total energy ofthe system and the demon is fixed We consider the consequences of these simple rules in Problem 1.8 The nature ofthe demon is discussed further in Section 4.9 Problem...