image guided proton radiotherapy in lung cancer

... WAVES SPECULAR Constructive interference gives maximum CREEPING Specularly E Reflected Wave SPECULAR Destructive interference gives minimum CREEPING Backscattered Creeping Wave Courtesy of Dr Allen ... expressed in decibels referenced to a square meter (dBsm) which equals 10 log (RCS in m2) Again, Figure shows that these values can vary dramatically The strongest return depicted in the example ... decreasing RCS, Figure results Therefore, an RCS reduction can increase aircraft survivability The equations used in Figure are as follows: Range (radar detection): From the 2-way range equation in...

Ngày tải lên: 08/11/2013, 19:15

... o)] R12 y x dy Substituting equations (8.14),(8.13)and (8.16) into equation (8.18), we get XI2 I, = I R2 sin2cp Rcoscp Rcoscp dcp I n12 = 4R4 = (1 sin2cp cos2cp dcp but sin2 - COS 9)/2 (8.17) (8.18) ... answers, seepage 692) 8.5 Determine I for the thin-walled sections shown in Figures 8.9(a) to 8.9(c), where the , wall thicknesses are 0.01 m NB , Dimensions are in metres I through the centroid ... moment of area about a horizontal axis passing (b) Figure 8.9 Thin-walled sections (c) 21 Further problems 8.6 Determine I, for the thm-walled sections shown in Figure 8.10, which have wall thicknesses...

Ngày tải lên: 08/04/2014, 11:28

... iteration with the mapping (14) forms an instance of a GEM algorithm [9] in the following cases: where αk ’s are a constant over a sliding window with scans appearing in (14), and where αk σ ... Merchant, and U B Desai, “A combined PMHT and IMM approach to multiple-point target tracking in infrared image sequence,” EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing, vol 2007, Article ID 19139, ... results are presented in Table The errors of ML estimation were evaluated for a sliding window with a fixed size and for a sliding window with a fixed number of detections in it In the table, ML(N...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 08:20

... in parabolic potential approximation and their gap is increased with L1 This fact is explained by higher SQ portion in the particle energy One can see from Fig 2, with increasing of x¨ coordinate ... respectively, R0 is the intersection point of the circles and X-axes The motion of the charged particle in the plane of cross section is localized in the dashed area as it is shown in Fig 1b In the strong ... functions’ overlap integral in the falciform cross section plane is always nonzero, a fact which partially reduces the selection rules’ number It is worth mentioning that in the case of cylindrical QD...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 01:20

... Models Introduction The Linear Probability Model for Binary Response Index Models for Binary Response: Probit and Logit Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Binary Response Index Models Testing in Binary ... reenergizing the project and for allowing me significant leeway in crafting the final manuscript Finally, Peggy Gordon and her crew at P M Gordon Associates, Inc., did an expert job in editing the ... classical linear model paradigm is becoming increasingly rare For instance, it is now widely recognized that a student doing research in applied time series analysis cannot get very far by ignoring...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... going to be able to infer that attendance rate has a causal e¤ect on performance In addition to not being able to obtain data on all desired controls, other problems can interfere with estimating ... on Introduction interpreting assumptions with economic content while not having to worry too much about technical regularity conditions (Regularity conditions are assumptions involving things ... no one ever went astray by assuming random sampling in place of independent sampling with fixed explanatory variables Random sampling does exclude cases of some interest for cross section analysis...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... treated in the same framework because they are linear in the parameters bj The fact that equation (2.3) is nonlinear in x has important implications for interpreting the bj , but not for estimating ... conditional expectation linear in parameters can be written as a conditional expectation linear in parameters and linear in some conditioning variables If we write equation (2.29) in error form as y ... will include unity as an element of x, in which case the linear projection including an intercept can be written as Lðy j xÞ 26 Chapter The linear projection is just another way of writing down...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... then choosing a critical value based on this distribution Thus, testing using asymptotic methods is practically the same as testing using the classical linear model A test is consistent against alternative ... can find the limiting distribution of many interesting functions of xN This is especially useful for determining the asymptotic distribution of test statistics once the limiting distribution ... follows Because y is in the interior of Y, ^ ^ and because plim yN ¼ y, yN is in an open, convex subset of Y containing y with Basic Asymptotic Theory 45 probability approaching one, therefore...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... nonobservability of q is to put it into the error term In doing so, nothing is lost by assuming EðqÞ ¼ because an intercept is included in equation (4.19) Putting q into the error term means we rewrite ... linear in the parameters under random sampling, identi- The Single-Equation Linear Model and OLS Estimation 53 fication of b simply means that b can be written in terms of population moments in ... will see in Sections 4.3 and 4.4, often an estimable equation is obtained only after manipulating an underlying structural equation An important point to remember is that, once the linear (in parameters)...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... violated (This reasoning assumes that we are interested in estimating the pure e¤ect of serving in Vietnam, as opposed to including indirect e¤ects such as reduced job training.) Instrumental Variables ... employers may have been willing to invest in job training for men who are unlikely to be drafted Again, unless we can include measures of job training in the earnings equation, condition (5.3) ... is a binary variable for receiving a job training grant, then l1 is the e¤ect of receiving this particular job training grant on worker productivity, which is of some interest But estimating the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... 134 Chapter received some job training while others did not The key element in x is is a job training indicator If, say, city A exogenously o¤ered more job training slots than city B, a city dummy ... are in qs In the job training example, city A may have spent more on job training because its workers are, on average, less productive than the workers in city B Unfortunately, controlling for ... putting in strata dummies and applying 2SLS does not work: by definition, the instruments only vary across strata—not within strata—and so b in equation (6.34) would be unidentified In the job training...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... reason to use a SUR software routine in obtaining the estimates: we may be interested in testing joint hypotheses involving parameters ^ in di¤erent equations In order to so we need to estimate ... interesting Experience is estimated to have a dimininshing e¤ect for benefits but an increasing e¤ect for earnings, although the estimated upturn for earnings is not until 9.5 years Belonging to ... SGLS.1 comes in We can argue this point informally because WÀ1 Xi is a linear combination of Xi , and since each element of Xi is uncorrelated with each element of ui , any linear combination of...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... instruments in every equation 206 Chapter a Suppose that Eðxg j zÞ is linear in z for all g Show that adding nonlinear functions of z to the instrument list cannot help in satisfying the rank ... the GMM estimator using the same ^ weighting matrix W but obtained with the Q linear restrictions imposed The restricted estimator can always be obtained by estimating a linear model with K À ... by estimating b and b jointly, 186 Chapter that is, by using a system procedure The e‰ciency gains are analogous to the gains that can be realized by using feasible GLS rather than OLS in a SUR...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... bottom line is this: adding nonlinear functions of z to the instrument list cannot help with identification in linear systems You were asked to show this generally in Problem 8.4, but the main points ... leads to lower in ation rates (inf ) is inf ¼ d10 þ g12 open þ d11 logð pcincÞ þ u1 open ¼ d20 þ g21 inf þ d21 logð pcincÞ þ d22 logðlandÞ þ u2 Assuming that pcinc (per capita income) and land ... and should, be included in the list of instruments for estimating equation (9.28) This example shows that having di¤erent instruments for di¤erent equations changes nothing for single-equation...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... points in time In applying first di¤erencing, we should di¤erence all variables appearing in the structural equation to obtain the estimating equation, including any binary indicators indicating ... participation in the program The estimates should be interpreted in the orginal equation because it allows us to think of comparing di¤erent units in the cross section at any point in time, where ... represent di¤erent time intercepts a Why is allowing for aggregate time e¤ects in the equation important? b What kinds of variables are captured in ci ? c Interpreting the equation in a causal fashion,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... testing rational expectations using individual-level data generally not satisfy the strict exogeneity requirement But they satisfy sequential exogeneity: in fact, in the conditioning set in assumption ... these are nonlinear in the parameters (In Chapter 14 we will see how to use these kinds of moment restrictions.) Blundell and Bond (1998) obtained additional linear moment restrictions in the levels ... to correspond More Topics in Linear Unobserved E¤ects Models 305 with the T À time periods in the system (11.15) Since each row contains di¤erent instruments, di¤erent instruments are used for...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... estimator (12.44) of Ao is useful in cases where E½Hðw; yo Þ j xŠ can be obtained in closed form or is easily approximated In some leading cases, including NLS and certain maximum likelihood problems, ... of u has some unintended connotations In particular, we must remember that, in writing the model in error form, the only thing implied by equation (12.1) is Eðu j xÞ ¼ Depending on the nature ... solves the population problem in expression (12.3), the analogy principle—which we introduced in Chapter 4—suggests estimating yo by solving the sample analogue In other words, we replace the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... LM statistic for nonlinear regression in Section 12.6.2 We will use it in several applications in Part IV, including binary response models and Poisson regression models In these examples, the ... contain anything, including conditioning variables z t , lags of these, and lagged values of y The vector y consists of all parameters appearing in ft for any t; some or all of these may appear in ... main- 404 Chapter 13 tained, often implicitly by taking z t to be nonrandom In Chapter we saw that strict exogeneity played no role in getting consistent, asymptotically normal estimators in linear...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... shown in Wooldridge (1996) 14.4 Panel Data Applications As we saw in Chapter 11, system IV methods are needed in certain panel data contexts In the current case, our interest is in nonlinear ... that cannot be estimated using linear methods We hold o¤ on discussing nonlinear panel data models explicitly containing unobserved e¤ects until Part IV One increasingly popular use of panel ... an estimator in an entire class of estimators It is useful to be somewhat formal in defining the relevant class of estimators We so by introducing an index, t For each t in an ^ index set, say,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20