... of biological processes. Here, we have
focused on describing the regulatory mechanisms steer-
ing the different membersofthemammalian HSF
family. Thefamily provides an excellent example of
how ... HSF4
promotes the DNA-binding activity of another mem-
ber ofthe HSF family, through modulating the chro-
matin status [106].
Conclusions and perspectives
Nearly 10% ofthe genes in the human genome ... features among the HSF
family members
Similarly to most transcription factors, themembers of
the HSF family are modular proteins composed of
functional domains (see figure 2 in [4]). The most con-
served...
... in the central cylinder ofthe root, but not in the lower parts ofthe hypocotyl (a). Rosette leaves were
stained in the vascular tissue ofthe leaf blade, whereas the petiole and older parts of ... with membersofthe ERF ⁄ AP2 family. (A) Y2H assays demonstrate the assembly of BPM1(1–189) and BPM3
with RAP2.4 and RAP2.13, respectively. (B) Schematic drawing ofthe BPM1 fragment used for the ... AP2 proteins is restricted to the A-6 subfamily
and, in this case, even to a subset of eight members.
The finding that, within the A-6 subfamily, not all of
its members interact with BPM1 indicates...
... lymphoid cell infiltrates ofthe lung and fibro-
sis in the liver [110].
Conclusions
The novel members, PDGF-C and -D, ofthe PDGF
subfamily ofthe cystine knot familyof growth factors
are potent ... 2005 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2005 FEBS
endothelial growth factors (VEGF) and thefamily is
therefore often referred to as the PDGF ⁄ VEGF
family.
The PDGF familyof growth factors
The ... The current information on their
activities points to a wide scope of biological effects;
however further understanding of how these factors
interplay with other membersofthe cystine knot family
and...
... promoters. These results show that
the configuration of nGAAn units in the promoter is
important in determining which hHSF members are
involved in the regulation ofthe gene.
Footprint analysis ofthe ... without
changing the magnitude ofthe heat shock response
(cp3). The mutational analysis ofthe CRYGA and
CRYGC HSEs suggests that the nucleotide sequences
and configuration of nGAAn-like units ... as judged from the amount and
mobility ofthe complex (Fig. 1B). Notably, the
amount of complex formed with hHSF4 and HSEgap
or HSEstep was more than 70% that of hHSF4–
HSE3P. Therefore, like...
... not the b domain.
The distinguishing feature ofmembersofthe meiotic
clade of AAA ATPases is the SRH motif, which dif-
fers from that of other AAA ATPases [24]. The pair of
Arg residues in the ... for the RDF sequence in modulating the function
of the SRH.
The C-terminal region of human VPS4B contains
the b domain (b strands 7 and 8), the final helix of the
AAA domain (a helix 10) and the ... we address the role ofthe yeast Vps4p C-ter-
minal helix. In the 3D structure ofmammalian and
yeast Vps4, this helix lies close to the catalytic domain
[31]. The close proximity ofthe C-terminal...
... determinations offamilymembers with yet other
specificities are in progress (e.g. [17,18]). Furthermore,
prediction ofthe presence of this (b/a)
8
-barrel fold in other
family members has been ... illustrating the arrangement of all
domains in the five-domain membersofthe GH 13, can
be taken as an approximation ofthe first three domains in
the four-domain members. It also shows the typical
Table ... between the hydrolases and transglycosi-
dases, but rather there may be one between the compact
cluster of Bacillus and Thermoanaerobacter CGTases and
the remaining enzymes. The positions of the...
... data).
Therefore, in attempt to provide the first elements
towards the understanding ofthe functionality of the
potentially valuable, heat stable GH-57 enzymes, especially
that ofthe T. hydrothermalis ... and, in the case of equal lengt hs, a lphabe tically. The division is based on the evolutionary tree s
(Fig. 4). For the amylopullulanase from Thermococcus hydrothermalis (Q9Y8I8_THEHY), the numbering ... half ofthefamily is formed
by ORFs coding for putative proteins of uncharacterized
activity and specificity. A s triking feature of GH-57 is the
sequence and length diversity ofthe individual members.
Indeed,...
... ancestor of life. With respect to the
studied enzymes ofthe POP family, POP seems to be the
most conserved enzyme. Ten conserved amino acids were
found at the active site ofthe enzyme of each ofthe ... proposed that the b-propeller
of P. furiosus POP does not perform the same function as
the mammalian enzyme, i.e. the exclusion of large peptides
from the active site [25]. Clearly the role ofthe b-propeller
has ... sequences of POP familymembers are located in the
C-terminal third ofthe alignment [20]. Of these conserved
residues, Ser554, Asp641 and His680 form the catalytic triad
of POP and the small residues...
... evolution
and function ofthe hormonal system. We first cloned the
genes ofthe CYP11B familyofthe guinea pig. The 11b-
hydroxylase ofthe guinea pig showed higher substrate
specificity than the aldosterone ... Thus, the proteins ofthe CYP11B
subfamily catalysing the last biosynthetic steps are the key
enzymes for the synthesis of both mineralocorticoids and
glucocorticoids.
From molecular cloning ofthe ... with the size of
the C17 substituent ofthe substrate. Furthermore, analyses
with the electron transfer protein adrenodoxin indicate dif-
ferential sensitivity of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 as well as the
three...
... ofthe structure of NADP
+
-bound FeR
revealed that the nicotinamide moiety of NADP
+
faces the re-side ofthe isoalloxazine ring, and that the
2¢-P-AMP moiety is held in the groove between the ... direction along the b10 ofthe other mono-
mer, forming an anti-parallel intermolecular b sheet
(Fig. 2A). The subsequent residues ofthe loop (Ala7–
Pro13) turn into the interior ofthe dimer interface,
and ... fulgidus
FeR is one ofthe candidates for the ferric ion-binding
residue based on the structure ofthe mercury-bound
derivative, although a ferric ion was not found at the
site of either the native or...
... FEBS
To analyze the contribution of protein domains to
the ER anchorage, the localization ofthe full-length
enzyme was compared with those of five truncated
forms. The pattern ofthe full-length ... enzymes.
The most significant difference between the amphi-
oxus and the other retinal reductases was, nevertheless,
their preference for the NADH cofactor. To our
knowledge, these are the first ... [29]. The overall analysis, examining
the topology ofthe phylogenetic tree and the position
of each gene inside the cluster, was informative regard-
ing the orthology relationships ofthe distinct...
... must still be determined whether
its absence in the V79-G18 mutant is the result ofthe missing
ESSS subunit alone, or whether the absence of ESSS causes
the f ailure of other integral membrane subunits ... and the effect of
the absence of intact complex I, but the results are too
preliminary in this regard.
Heterologous expression ofthe ESSS-HA subunit
The localization ofthe ESSS subunit in the ... as a nother identification of
the complex at the position o f the histochemical stain in the
left panel. Antisera against the SDHC subunit of complex II
and against the Rieske protein of complex...