household water treatment system hwts for drinking water

... marketing safe water solution, and discusses how these lessons may be applied to planning safe water treatment programs around the globe Key words: household water treatment, household water quality, ... Network serves as a forum for professional collaboration and is an excellent resource for those interested in starting water treatment programs.2 The five common household water treatment options ... of safe water programs in 20 developing countries, promoting the Safe Water System (SWS), a household water treatment and safe storage strategy originally designed by the U.S Centers for Disease...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 04:21

... guide to particle counting for drinking water treatment/ Mike Broadwell p cm Includes index ISBN 1-56670-306-9 (alk paper) Particle counting (Water treatment plants) Drinking water — Purification I ... Continuous Online? 14 Chapter A B C D E F Applications for Drinking Water Treatment Why Use Particle Counters for Drinking Water Treatment? 15 Cryptosporidium and Giardia 16 Particle ... the counts indirectly For drinking water treatment, particle counters are used almost exclusively Particle sizers have been used in some research applications for drinking water, usually to study...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... At the most basic level, particle counters could not be a more natural fit for drinking water treatment After all, water treatment boils down to two tasks The first is to remove as much particulate ... PM APPLICATIONS FOR DRINKING WATER TREATMENT 25 look at a few of the areas where particle counters may be used to improve the treatment process Flocculation Optimal filter performance is dependent ... Friday, June 23, 2000 1:45 PM APPLICATIONS FOR DRINKING WATER TREATMENT Cryptosporidium 17 Giardia to microns x 12 microns Figure 2.1 Typical sizes and shapes for Cryptosporidium and Giardia Furthermore,...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... require a little more forethought and attention to detail In short, there is no excuse for particle counter flow problems Complicated flow systems are seldom required for typical water plant applications ... designed specifically for online particle counters used on drinking water sources It is designed for flows ranging from 40 to 120 ml/min, and guarantees 1% accuracy It is designed for use with the ... are not accounted for will create errors due to counting particles over too large or too small a volume of sample Fortunately, flow and flow control are areas with which the water treatment operator...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... centerpiece of drinking water treatment plant data collection from now on Consider the reasons: A single personal computer can collect display and store all the data produced by a large water treatment ... counts and removal efficiencies over time The goal of every drinking water treatment plant is the consistent production of high-quality drinking water Trends provide a direct way to monitor this continuous ... operational efficiency with the primary goal of particle counting for drinking water treatment; that is, continual optimization of water quality It is also necessary to gauge the commitment of plant...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... “Particle free” water can be produced with special filters, and is good for final rinses before the sample rinse Note: Store-bought deionized water, or inhouse-produced deionized water is not particle ... particle counters That is for high-concentration raw water sources This is because dilution is straightforward with a grab sampler The larger question of the usefulness of performing particle counting ... prominent in drinking water treatment Costs have dropped a great deal in the few short years since particle counters were introduced to the industry on a wide scale The same goes for the utility...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... specifications employed for evaluating particle counter performance are defined and discussed Understanding of these few specification parameters is essential to making informed decisions about ... 1:54 PM CHAPTER Specifications All instruments are designed for a specific task Specifications are the measure of how well the instrument performs the various parts of that task Some specifications ... similar to a television.) See Figure 6.1 for a representation of noise as displayed on an oscilloscope This noise level is measured with no particles in the water flowing through the particle counter...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... sapphire, and thus can be bored and polished to create the single window piece This softness accounts for the fact that it can be scratched from cleaning, or from contact with particles over a long ... Different grades of sapphire are available The entrance window (the side where the laser enters before passing through the flow cell) must be of a higher grade than the exit window The beam must ... energy from reflecting back into the laser Lasers produce light by bouncing light energy back and forth at a high frequency between mirrored surfaces, which amplifies the light intensity to produce...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... primarily for particle counter sensor calibration, but can be used for other applications in drinking water treatment The PHA is used to provide a histogram of all the particles in a given volume of water ... Thresholds Several options are available for setting the size thresholds for comparator counting circuits The simplest type are factory preset, and are not designed for field adjustment This means that ... Several comparators are combined to provide counts for different sized particles For example, consider a particle counter with size ranges set for to µm, to 15 µm, and 15 µm and larger This would...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... problem.) Digital output units are “polled” by the data collection system If they quit responding, the data collection system will usually inform the operator with an alarm message Some particle counters ... provide a means for trending the outputs from other instruments along with the particle counter data These signals are of primary importance when the particle counter system is a turnkey system provided ... turnkey system provided by the manufacturer SCADA systems already provide for these inputs, and to 20 mA particle counters would have no use for them The number of analog inputs provided will...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... most up-to-date systems on the market Central Controller Unit Some particle counter systems can be supplied with a central controller unit, which acts as the “control center” for the system It provides ... before specifying and bidding a system There are way too many pitfalls to leave them up to chance, or to the good intentions of the manufacturers or system suppliers No one wants a problem system, ... industry standard for signal voltage levels used in serial communications Designed for long cable runs and to permit several units to be connected to a single cable (RS-232 is for single units...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... computer for a particle counting system a Purpose Always keep the purpose of the system foremost in mind The computer should provide maximum performance in areas critical to particle counter system ... for the computer All the current systems are designed for IBM PC platforms, with Windows operating systems This is far and away the most commonly used computer platform available Since most of the ... REQUIREMENTS FOR PARTICLE COUNTING SYSTEMS Most of the particle counting systems supplied turnkey from the manufacturer will come complete with a computer, or will specify the minimum requirements for...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... rated This is unavoidable, and is typical for most drinking water process instruments Some of the earlier particle counters were not packaged properly for water plant environments, but the manufacturers ... attitudes, capabilities, and opportunities for training before selecting a system It is much better to have a simple system that provides some useful information than a sophisticated one collecting dust ... reducing it Treatment Process The type of treatment process employed may have a bearing on the type of particle counting system selected Conventional plants with particle counters monitoring raw water...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... samplers, and are several times more expensive There is no reason for them to be purchased for drinking water applications They are built for heavy-duty © 2001 by CRC Press LLC L1306/frame/pt02 Page ... be normalized to adjust for any deviation from the designed flow rate b Pressurized Batch Samplers The larger pressurized batch samplers are rarely purchased for water treatment applications now ... isolated from any water It is easy to spill water when performing grab samples, and residual liquid will be left in the tubing after the samples have been run Access to the sensor for cleaning is...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... particles naturally occurring in water While not perfectly suited for the application, they provide a constant, high-quality, and reasonably affordable standard for size calibration of particle ... verification Although the cost and complexity of in-house calibration is too much for the average drinking water treatment plant, field verification is well within reach Two types of field verification ... value for that sample This method will not work for higher concentration waters If a filter effluent sample is located near one of these higher concentration sources, it can be used as the source water, ...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... the particle counting manufacturers involved in the water treatment industry follows The first particle counters were used in water treatment for research in the late 1970s, and were made by a ... Justice forced Pacific Scientific Instruments to sell off the Hiac Royco water treatment particle counting product line to another manufacturer, to prevent a “monopoly” in the drinking water industry ... successfully bid for it, and has continued to market it in the drinking water industry IBR has provided equipment related to particle counting for several years, and was a logical choice for taking...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... sensors for drinking water application Each employs a standard aluminum flow cell housing with a monolithic fused silica flow cell with an antireflective coating The WPC 2000 is designed for µm sensitivity, ... stainless steel fittings designed for higher pressures This sensor was designed for other applications requiring pressures higher than those found in drinking water plants The same fittings are ... sensors designed for the same purpose ARTI employs nylon twist-lock fittings for smooth internal flow passages designed to prevent particle buildup All of the sample fittings are designed for 1/4 inch...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... range is from to around 70 µm This is more than enough for drinking water treatment applications The 2400D counting electronics is not used for calibration purposes It is currently limited to a ... independently of any external control, and provides sample updates once a minute Calibration information is stored in memory in the sensor Size ranges are set with software The 2400D was initially ... GUIDE TO PARTICLE COUNTING designed to be adjusted routinely The factory should be consulted before changes are attempted Chemtrac The 2400D counting electronics are built around a 16-bit PHA...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... can be set to count for 0.1, 1, 5, or 10 minutes The full-scale output (20 mA) can be set for 250, 2500, 25,000, or 300,000 for the first channel, and 250, 2500, or 30,000 for the second channel ... PARTICLE COUNTING both types of counters are used on the same system These display lights are also used for verifying communications during system configuration A local numeric count display is available ... 30,000 for the second channel The combination of settings allows for count ranges up to 30,000/ml for the first channel, and 3000/ml for the second The jumpers may also be set to provide or 20 mA...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... standard turnkey system is installed, the protocol is not important from the user’s standpoint Only when the particle counters are to be tied into SCADA or a data collection system does the protocol ... The standard optomux protocol provides for minimums, maximums, and averages to be transmitted by the field hardware, whereas the SCADA software programs perform these tasks themselves Often these ... the driver packages that come standard with the SCADA software Unfortunately, the particle counters make use of these commands for other data functions, and so the drivers are not fully compatible...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20