... On the south ofthe Islamic empire the migrations ofthe
peoples brought to our islands the Maori race, who made them their permanent home.
On the north, the Christian faith took firm hold of ... were
founded thefirst schools, thefirst printing press, thefirst theological college, thefirst
library. Here thefirst bishop fixed his headquarters, and here he convened thefirst
synod. ... memory ofthe white-
winged ships ofthe Hollander, before they saw any others like them. At length, in
1769, there appeared the expedition of Captain Cook. England had now wrested from
the Dutch...
... Economic Historyof the
English Poor
Law
excess ofthe marginal product of labor, the effect of poor relief on
migration was small.
Chapter 7 examines the effect ofthe New Poor Law on the agricul-
tural ... revisionist analysis ofthe Poor Law began in 1963 with the publi-
cation of Mark Blaug's classic paper " ;The Myth ofthe Old Poor Law
and the Making ofthe New." The work of Blaug
(1963;
... loss of
land. Chapter 2 surveys the historiography ofthe Old Poor Law, from
the beginning ofthe traditional critique of outdoor relief in the late
eighteenth century to the development of the...
... to the +root+ ofthe word, which was intelligible to both of them, and let the inflexions slide, or take
care of themselves. The more theEnglish and Danes mixed with each other, the oftener they ... against them in a Litany ofthe time "From the incursions ofthe Northmen, good Lord, deliver
us!" In spite ofthe resistance ofthe English, the Danes had, before the end ofthe ninth ... and of
these written songs there are only two that survive up to the present day. These are the +Song of
Brunanburg+, and the +Song ofthe Fight at Maldon+. Thefirst belongs to the date 938; the...
... called the fu)?ark (or futhark) after
the first six characters. The Old English one is called the fufrorc. This
change of name points to the major significance of runes for the student
of Old English ... task
of
reconstructing the nature ofthe Old
English language that much more difficult. Thus, in the areas which are
the concern of this chapter, we have no equivalent ofthe Icelandic First
Grammarian, ... to
suppose that Old English did, because ofthe weight ofthe spelling
evidence and the difficulty of postulating a plausible series of sound
changes to produce the Middle English forms if the short diphthongs
are...
... Old English.
During thefirst half ofthe eleventh century there were further
developments which are usually regarded as being proper to the study
of post-Conquest rather than pre-Conquest English, ... ignore the infinitive the
alternation would be the same as in drifan, despite the fact that the
original post-vocalic consonant was in the case of
the
former
*[b],
in the
case ofthe latter ... declined like
word,
they need not be discussed. The
neuters, like the masculines, are further examples ofthe simplification of
the declensional system. But the motivation for the shift was not...
... method of representing the different causations of syncope
and apocope.
3.4 Most introductions to Old English give a good overview ofthe principal
features of Old English morphology, and of these ... flights.
where
the
Latin
is
Scipio p/urima bella gessit
'
Scipio many wars
waged'.
In View Ofthe later historyofthe progressive in English, and the
replacement ofthe BE +
ende
... whether this is a result ofthe Latin or of
the OE; however, when the two are distinctly different, we may assume
that we have fairly clear evidence of OE rather than of Latin structure.
Where the...
... represents the exact words ofthe reported
proposition, and when the subjects ofthe main clause and of the
complement are the same. It is only occasionally absent if the
complement represents the words ... Jim to paint
the kitchen
=
'She expected that Jim would paint the kitchen'. If the subject of the
lower verb is co-referential with the subject ofthe higher verb, then
there is no ... for-that they say these words PT they close
hiera modes earan ongean 6a godcundan lare
their soul's ears against that divine teaching
(CP 45.337.21)
But the reason they say these words is that they...
... Only the meaning of a lexical item ofthe donor language is
transferred to the receptor language, when either: (a) the meaning of
some lexical item ofthe donor language influences the meaning of ... the kinsmen):
'
And
then they (K) offered their kinsmen that they might depart unscathed. And
they (E) said that the same offer had been made to their (K) comrades, who
had been with the ... Wessex.
The loans ofthefirst two periods had come into English mainly
through the oral medium. Now they were more and more introduced
into the written language, before they entered the spoken...
... Marchand
1969:15fT.). The basic criterion used here is the derived status of the
determinatum and the function ofthe determinant as one of the
arguments ofthe underlying predicate.
2 Regular compounds
(a) The ... monostratal because ofthe nature ofthe OE texts, which all
come from the same type of social group and represent only the written
language. At the same time this limits the dimension of& apos; attitude' ... together with other types
of zero-derivation.
Since the explicit morphological structure of such formations did not
agree with their function, they were often reformed by either changing
the...
... additions to the Rushworth Gospels (Ral). As is the case for
Northumbria, no East Midland texts apparently survive the period of
the Viking invasions of England.
Since the texts ofthe period ofthe Mercian ... circle.
The energy of our Germanic forbears derived from the discovery of the
regularity of sound change; ours, from the correlation of patterns in the
ubiquitous variation of living languages to the ... trace thehistoryofthe spread or decline of the
selected features. They also hope to explain those changes by relating
them to contact among speakers of different varieties, to the mobility of
significant...
... Apollonius
of
Tyre
and some saints' lives. The high period of
prose came towards the end ofthe tenth century, with the work of the
homilist ./Elfric, the acknowledged master of Old English ... ways, the traditional techniques of verse
composition both discourage the use of a variety of verbs and deprive
them of emphasis when they are used. One further manifestation of this
is the use of ... Alfred:
the four works by Alfred himself (the Pastoral Care, the translation of
Boethius'
Consolation
of
Philosophy,
the
Soliloquies
and the prose part of
the
Paris
Psalter),
the anonymous...
... Journal
of
theEnglish Place-Name
Society
5.15-73
1975.
&apos ;The place-names ofthe earliest English records'.
Journal
of
the English
Place-Name Society
8.12-66
1980.
'Aspects of ... refer
to
the relative prominence
of an item, most often a clause. In the following, thefirst clause is the
foreground, the second the background:
John sang while Donna played the
piano.
gap ... expression of case, mood or
temporal relations. Thus of
the man
is the periphrastic counterpart of
the
man's.
phonaestheme
A
phoneme or sequence of phonemes which has the property
of sound...
... Whereas the volumes concerned with the
English language in England are organised on a chronological basis,
the Englishofthe rest ofthe world is treated geographically to
emphasise the spread ofEnglish ... in the areas of
morphology, lexis or syntax either generally or in relation to the
charting of dialects.
1.2 The study of Middle English since the Second World War
Since the Second World War the ... compared
with the majority of other European languages; in phonology the
number of diphthongs as against the number of vowels in English
English is notably high. In other words, synchronically, English...
... in the
pronouns (singular vs dual vs plural) to singular vs plural, loss of case
marking, the subjunctive and so on. The most marked characteristic of
the evolution ofEnglish morphology from the ... this.
The treatment of morphology, however, will be rather different: for
the bulk of
the
fifteenth-century developments are of a piece with earlier
ones,
and English morphology by the 1480s ... radical modification of the
borrowed forms, the sources tend to be other dialects ofEnglish (see
Lass & Wright 1986).
The peculiar type of borrowing involved in /oi ui/ and the fact that
it...
... be the same as the bare stem; merger ofthe original
-ende
present participle with the
-ing
noun; and loss of the
ge-
prefix. All of
these are virtually complete by about 1500.
The story of ... with the general view (the 'London bias', 2.1.4) that the further away
from London and the southeast midlands a text comes from, the less is its direct
relevance to &apos ;the historyof ... general
illustrations of what was going on.
1
Grade
reduction.
The tendency was first to restrict the complexity of
vowel alternations (e.g. by levelling the past singular under the vowel
of the first- and...