hierarchy market and networks in a mixed system

... Kiel in Germany; the Universities of Bologna, Ferrara, and Pavia u in Italy; the Universities of Helsinki and Tampere in Finland; the Universities of Madrid, Alicante, and Mallorca in Spain; the ... forms of functional legal units are not formalistic or bare and thin; instead, they are intrinsically purposive and value-laden and can, along with the complementary material and other components ... forms” that unduly sacrifice important values, as in the case of administrative agencies that have jurisdictional and structural features in which adjudicative and administrative functions are not...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... is analogous Just as the form of a table may be said to arrange and shape the wood, and the form of a citadel may be said to arrange and shape the building materials, and just as both can also ... survival of the fittest, and more subtle, at least in all ordinary and reasonably practical matters, than any you and I are likely to think up in our arm-chairs of an afternoon – the most favored alternative ... frontal and systematic study of a given overall form and of its formal features advances understanding of the functional legal unit involved as having its own makeup, unity, instrumental capacity,...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... form of a legal system as a duly systematized whole, and fourth, to achieve a clearer and more synoptic view of the parts, and of the whole of a system of law, and in this and related ways, cast ... operation, and instrumental capacity Legislative form may be manifest in a variety of ways: in institutional “blueprints,” in activities of institutional participants as duly organized, in accepted ... legislatures in political and in legal studies, and also in comparative institutional research, one may well ask whether anything is left here for an analyst concentrating on overall legislative...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... arbitrary They call for identifying and articulating reasons for and against alternative choices of form and content, and for the weighing and balancing of such reasons The overall form of a statutory ... explicit, usually in writing (or printing), and in appropriate grammar, syntax, and vocabulary of a common language of the system, at least when the rule is state-made, as opposed to privately made, ... internally and externally Enactment of a valid statute usually takes place at a final stage of the procedure Here, too, formal features have complementary material and other components that are at...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... regulation adopted by an administrative agency or official an opinion of an administrative agency creating, developing, or applying agency adjudicative law – an opinion of a court interpreting ... gaps in statutes, case law interpreting or filling gaps in administrative regulations, and case law as set forth in opinions of administrative adjudicators A chosen set of words in fixed verbal ... define and organize what counts as a valid vote, provide for definitive tabulation of votes for and against the same candidates, provide for meaningful votes for and against the same propositions, and...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... a large body of privately created law and rights that are valid not merely against prior original contracting parties, but against third parties generally Again, these accumulated rights may ... to bind oneself inadvertently Accordingly, the formal criteria for entry into prima facie valid contracts are readily understandable and relatively certain in application Prospective contracting ... or, indeed, may even be led not to enter a particular proposed contract at all, given that an alternative appears preferable.19 Again, form is a factor that can leave deep and indelible imprints...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... statutes are ordinary words in ordinary language The language in all proposed statutes is in the syntax of ordinary language Also, the language used in committee study, legislative deliberation, and ... legislative drafter can anticipate and dispose of all borderline cases in advance through use of suitable general language, and statutes drafted with sufficient detail to address all such particular ... relevant standard ordinary, or relevant standard technical, or relevant special meaning of the language adopted in the statute, in light of immediate purposes of the statute as evident from text and...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... systematized feature of the legal system comes into being Law-making and lawapplying institutions and entities operating within the same jurisdictional spheres are centralized and hierarchically ... over all contrary law, statutes generally over all remaining law, ordinary judge-made law generally over most administrative rulings, authorized state law mandatory in nature over private contract, ... legislative, judicial, administrative, contractual, and other private-ordering, etc., the ultimate authority of law-making and law-applying institutions and entities involved is centralized and...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... potentially fatal disease of cholera mainly by, among other things, creating and implementing binding legal standards of quality for drinking water, and policing against discharges of pollutants into ... Bangladesh in 1963, India in 1964, and Russia, Iran, and Iraq in 1965 Cholera struck West Africa in 1970 During the 1970s and 1980s, major outbreaks occurred in the Far East and in South America In 1992, ... effects into an overall operational framework, and underscores the dynamic character of a system of law.3 In a linear progression, legal units and systematizing devices are deployed in appropriate...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... possible addressees, and on the language appropriate to name these addressees For example, the addressees of a given water quality law inhabiting a watershed area that drains into a drinking water ... the law-making stage, form again requires that information be gathered and disseminated For example, a valid statute simply cannot be adopted without information regarding what counts as a valid ... the law, interpret the law, ascertain any relevant facts, and apply the law Both state-made and privately created law are generally implemented by addressees who take the law as providing legal...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... hybridization and of the mating system of Q petraea and Q robur have been inferred from examination of allozyme variation in cohorts of a stand comprised of both species For genetic analysis, all plants ... as Fagus sylvatica (Merzeau et al, 1989) and Picea mariana (O’Reilly et al, 1982) traea to Q in reA similar unidirectional introgression has been described in Populus (Keim et al, 1989) and in ... intermediate habitats the species are in contact and it is there that one can find the greatest number of intermediate forms (Grandjean and Sigaud, 1987) Nevertheless, in natural populations, adult...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 19:21

... data analysis and interpretation, and drafting of the manuscript, NS, MB, JT, JV, JV, CA, PA, EV, JCH, AY, WP and CC participated in the study design, data acquisition and drafting of the manuscript ... 250) in the standard insulin group and 36.6% (93 of 254) in the intensive insulin group ICU mortality was similar for patients of the standard insulin group and in those from the intensive insulin ... group and 83 of 254 (32.7%) in the intensive insulin group The mean calorie intake in 24 hours was 23.1 ± 12.7 kcal/kg in the standard insulin group and 25.5 ± 14.4 kcal/kg in the intensive insulin...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2012, 10:35

... pp.463-476 system at the beginning of each iteration is performed The analysis provides information to hierarchically classify the components as main, secondary, and remainder, and to define main decision ... steam and process hot water demands are also equality constraints [19] The inequality constraints are represented by the allowable ranges of variation of the decision variables, presented in Table ... D.M Applied Nonlinear Programming McGraw-Hill: New York, 1972 Holland J.H Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems The University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, 1975 Okamoto M., Nonaka T.,...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 16:30

Ngày tải lên: 15/02/2014, 07:20

... naturalness and appropriateness of each system utterance, as well as provide any other comments that they may have on adaptation and adaptive systems All interviewees agreed on one major theme, namely ... Adaptive Information Processing for Mobile Speech Interfaces, Geneva, Switzerland Kristiina Jokinen and Graham Wilcock 2001 Adaptivity and Response Generation in a Spoken Dialogue System In van Kuppevelt, ... Hungary Diane J Litman and Shimei Pan 2002 Designing and Evaluating an Adaptive Spoken Dialogue System User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction Vol 12(2/3):111-137 Cécile Paris 1988 Tailoring Descriptions...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 19:20

... world has entered a period of cultural declassification – the unravelling and weakening of ritual classifications critics in as disparate fields as pop music, painting, and literature bemoan aesthetic ... played piano, bass and various brass instruments, Mr Schwartz covered classical music, including the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and the Atlanta Opera, for the Journal-Constitution as a free-lancer ... Industries, and the Miniconference on the Sociology of Music, August 2003 in Atlanta, GA We thank EGOS and ASA participants for their constructive comments, as well as Candace Jones, Anand Narasimhan,...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 16:20

... dominating unfocussed material are [-focus] In order to arrive at an accentuation pattern, three rules and a well-formedness condition are to be applied to this input A first rule (see (2)) applies ... arguments are normally labelled s and therefore likely to receive accent, there are some cases where we not want an argument to be accented A case in point are [-focus] pronouns In (Ta) we have ... element of a phrase will bear the accent when the phrase is in focus: after the application of focus assicmment and w/slabelling rules, an accent will be assigned to every terminal that is connected...

Ngày tải lên: 01/04/2014, 00:20

... fixation in a semiarid grassland Journal of Geophysical Research 112:G03011 Harper, CW, JM Blair, PA Fay, AK Knapp, and JD Carlisle 2005 Increased rainfall variability and reduced rainfall amount ... the largest grassland ecosystem in the Great Plains, encompassing 38% of the grassland area in North America (Lauenroth 1979; Ganjegunte et al 2005; Ingram et al 2008) Net CO2 exchange and C ... trajectories are similar to those reported by Welker et al (200 4a) whereby grazing regimes in an alpine grassland of Wyoming are dictating soil C sequestration though intraannual variation in weather may...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 23:20

... mixed stands of Q petraea and Q robur The sampled stand covers approximately with a total of 286 standing trees It consists of three ecological zones: a small valley, a plateau and a regular intermediate ... high natural variability of volatiles in oak wood within and between individual trees must be taken into consideration Moreover, experimental practices such as sampling, storage and preparation ... Muñoz L., Fernandez de Simon B., Garcia-Vallejo M.C., Changes in low molecular phenolic compounds in Spanish, French, and American oak woods during natural seasoning and toasting, J Agric Food Chem...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 16:20

... logging techniques, we ordered the 48 subplots according to the proportion of remaining basal area (basal area after logging/original basal area before logging in %) The average remaining basal area ... relatively large areas Moreover, matrix models can also predict in a robust way and as reliably as other approaches, stand structure (density, basal area and diameter distribution) and are mathematically ... Mean % of basal area remaining Mean density after logging (trees ha–1) Mean basal area after logging (m2 ha–1) Mean density of dipterocarps (trees Mean basal area of dipterocarps ha–1) (m2 ha–1)...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 01:21