heat conversion of energy and changes of state

... 20.1.4 Heat 20.2 Energy conversion 20.2.1 Conversion of equivalent energies into heat 20.2.2 Conversion of heat into other forms of energy 20.2.3 Exergy and ... 651 652 653 653 655 657 657 658 661 661 665 671 20 Heat, conversion of energy and changes of state 20.1 Energy forms 20.1.1 Energy units 20.1.2 Work ... reactions and equalizing of heat 21.1 Phase and state of aggregation 21.1.1 Phase 21.1.2 Aggregation states 21.1.3 Conversions of aggregation states ...

Ngày tải lên: 15/08/2014, 09:14

... interaction and we suppose in our studied samples there is canting structure as illustrated in Fig 2, where ϕ is the angle between direction of magnetic moment of A ions and magnetic moment of B1 and ... patterns of studied samples All samples have single phase f.c.c spinel structure and lattice parameters are determined and listed in Tab It is clear from this table that lattice constant and volume of ... extension of unit cell), the real density of samples enhanced because of reducing of porosity from 15.1 % (x = 0.60) to 7.6 % (x = 0.75) Table Lattice parameters, X-ray density, real density and porosity...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 11:20

... transformation of the magnetization state from ferromagnetic state to paramagnetic state with the increase of the firing temperature from 400°C to 800°C The Ms and Hc values of the prepared coated and uncoated ... properties of the ferrite nanoparticles for a variety of magneto-optical nanodevice applications From a synthesis point of view exploring the effect of firing temperatures (400°C, 600°C and 800°C) is of ... state of the zinc ferrite nanoparticles starts to transfer from the ferromagnetic state to the paramagnetic state With the increase of the firing temperature up to 800°C the hysteresis loop of...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 01:20

... presence of an absorption band of CO32- functional group at around 860–900 cm-1 was observed These bands correspond to the impurity phase of SrCO3 or La2CO3OH which disappears at higher temperature of ... Department of Chemistry of Khon Kaen University for providing FT-IR and VSM facilities, the Faculty of Science Electron Microscopy Unit for providing SEM facilities, and the National Metal and Materials ... the decomposition mechanism of metal acetate salts in water at various temperatures of 600–900 °C The influence of Sr concentration on the structure and the morphology of the samples was characterized...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 00:20

... lower edge of the O2p-like valence band and extend almost through the whole band Whereas, the uppermost valence band edge consists of pz-type states that form the lone pair (out -of- plane) π states ... predominantly O2p-like valence band states and Ti3d-like conduction band states around the band edges In the octahedral-type crystal field, the five unoccupied d-states of the central Ti ion are split ... split into the two fold-degenerate eg-like states with and character and three fold-degenerate t2g-like dxy, dyz and dxz type states29 The energy of t2g state is lower than eg A weak two-peak separation...

Ngày tải lên: 08/09/2015, 15:20

... Xie, Dr Jiabo Yi, Tom Wijnands, Wentao Xu, Dr Kalon Gopinadhan, Prof Alexander Brinkman, Asst Prof Wei Chen, Prof Ganaphathy Baskaran, Assoc Prof Jun Ding, Asst Prof Andrivo Rusydi, Joost Beukers, ... (f) Density changes of two types of carriers at K in various thicknesses LSTO films Mobility changes of two types of carriers in 60 uc LSTO film under influence of temperature T (g) and back gate ... Venkatesan, and Ariando “Static and ultrafast dynamics of defects of SrTiO3 in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures”, Appl Phys Lett 98, 081916 (2011) (selected for the March 2011 issue of Virtual Journal of...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 10:07

... minimization energy One aspect is the surface and interface energy; another is strain energy In terms of energy minimization, the surface and interface energy minimization and the strain energy minimization ... density of states of majority ( ) or minority electrons at the Fermi level Figure 1.1 shows the density of states (DOS) of a non-magnetic metal and a magnetic metal Since the number of spin up ( ) and ... 300K and 5K 116 XI LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 The density of state of non-magnetic, ferromagnetic, and half metallic meterials Figure Schematic diagram of Spin filter tunneling Below the TC of...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 10:15

... arrangement of Mn3+ and Mn4+ ions reduces the Coulomb repulsion energy and exchange interaction energy among the ions by orbital ordering23 In addition, it also reduces the JT distortion energy of Mn3+ ... Scope and Motivation of the present work Currently there exists more of electrical transport and very few magnetization studies on the effect of Mn-site doping in various CO compounds and some of ... based on the concept of Wheatstone bridge Wheatstone bridge is a network of four resistive gauges and one or more of these gauges are active sensing element In principle, the Wheatstone bridge is...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 17:53

... formation of a quasi-conduction band in the defect states of RAlO3 that forms a continuum state with the conduction band of the Nb-SrTiO3 Once this continuum (metallic) state is formed, the state ... the population and depletion of quasi-conduction band (QCB) consisting of a wide range of defects states in LAO The stable metallic state can be obtained only when the filling level of QCB inside ... lot of people have helped me to further my research and I am grateful to all of them Especially, I would like to sincerely thank my supervisors Prof Ariando and Prof T Venkatesan for educating and...

Ngày tải lên: 10/09/2015, 09:11

... the metal particles, (ii) formation of liquid droplet of metal and Si/SiOx and (iii) the precipitation in the form of solid nanowires after super-saturation of liquid metal–Si/SiOx droplet at ... of crystalline Si core and amorphous SiO2 outer shell structure as confirmed by HRTEM image and SAED pattern On the other hand, the formation of crystalline Si–SiO2 core-shell nanowires first and ... in the form of wires having hundreds of micrometers length is clearly seen Fig 2(a) also reveals that several layers of nanowires were deposited one over another and total thickness of the film...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 15:18

... length and 1.3 mm in diameter) of the KD2-pro thermal property meter integrates a heating element and a thermometer Both the heat output and the temperature rise of the probe were recorded and sent ... B and n are constants, and t is the sonication time The data in Figures 13 and 14 were fit to curves of the forms given by (Equations and 2) The values of the constants and the coefficients of ... dependence of thermal conductivity enhancement for nanofluids J Heat Transfer-Trans ASME 2003, 125:567-574 Xuan Y, Li Q: Investigation on convective heat transfer and flow features of nanofluids J Heat...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 17:20

... holder is in the shape of a cylinder and a ratio between the height and diameter equal to Due to the low concentration of the particle in the samples, and the high aspect ratio of the cylinder, the ... some amount of large particles, and the shape of which differs essentially from spherical The shape anisotropy of non-spherical particles will hinder the free rotation of the particles and therefore ... to ensure the homodisperse of magnetic particles The image of carrier liquid (0) and six e-Fe3N magnetic fluid samples (1–6) is present in Fig The size and morphology of e-Fe3N nanoparticles were...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 22:20

... gel temperature, and cure temperature) of the EP are influenced by the amount of CTBN A predetermined amount of the EP was cured with a stoichiometric content of the curing agent and various CTBN ... flexural strength and modulus of modified EPs A similar trend was found in the case of the tensile properties; the flexural strength and modulus of modified EPs are lower than those of the unmodified ... diameters of 0.85 and 1.04 μm, respectively It is interesting to note that, in the case of 20 phr of CTBN-modified epoxy [Fig 4(e)], the excess of CTBN loading led to some agglomeration of cavitated...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 14:20

... Permeability of Fe phase µ2 Permeability of Fe3O4 phase ε1 Permittivity of Fe phase ε2 Permittivity of Fe3O4 phase v1 Volume fraction of Fe phase v2 Volume fraction of of Fe3O4 phase d Diameter of the ... frequency bands Letter Frequency range Letter Frequency range Designation L band to 2GHz Designation Q band 30 to 50GHz S band to 4GHz U band 40 to 60GHz C band to 8GHz V band 50 to 75GHz X band to ... to 12GHz E band 60 to 90GHz Ku band 12 to 18GHz W band 75 to 110GHz K band 18 to 26.5GHz F band 90 to 140GHz Ka band 26.5 to 40 GHz D band 110 to 170GHz A schematic representation of radar system...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 09:18

... similar band structures to that of ZnO, in particular when x is small Here, it is reasonable to consider that EF locates in the center of the bandgap, and the relative position of Fermi level and ... hybridization of the band states with localized ionic d orbitals, may be viewed as a second-order perturbation effect involving virtual transition of an electron between the band states and ionic ... , where ε d and ε p are the bare energies of the 3d transition metal and the 2p ligand orbitals, respectively (4) ∆eff and Ueff denote the charge-transfer and Coulomb interaction energy defined...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 16:06

... anti-ferromagnetic state [21] In the ferromagnetic case of hole doping, some of O atoms were substituted with N atoms, and the hybridization between 2p states of N and 3d up spin states of Mn is wider and larger ... atoms and molecules of the ambient medium, resulting in scattering and slowing down of the plume The peripheral region of the expanding plume consists predominantly of particles of high kinetic energy; ... increases the free energy of the localized spin system, but reduces the energy of the carrier systems via spin-splitting of the bands (no energy gain if no carriers are present) The free energy penalty...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 16:07

... calculated valence band spectrum of ZnO with d, p and s partial density of states Light curves describe the contribution of s band, p band and d band to the density of states, as shown in its inset ... shows an enlarged part of 3d, p and s partial density of states From this, we can observe the components of calculated Zn 3d, mixed s and p (O 2p) density of states The features of Fig 5-14(a) are ... contribution of s band, p band and d band to the DOS They have been calculated on the basis of the results from one-panel calculations with s, p and d muffin-tin orbitals placed on TM and oxygen...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 16:07

... FC and ZFC of the Zn1-xCoxO films for different Co concentrations at a magnetic field of 100, 1000 and 2000 Oe, respectively For all of the curves, D decreases with increasing temperature, and ... 6-3(a) Magnetic loop of the thin film with Co concentration of x = 0.02 measured at 300 K by SQUID Inset: Enlarged view of the low field region to show the presence of hysteresis and remanence for ... measured at 300, 100 and 30 K; (b) Hc dependence on temperature of the film with Co concentration of x = 0.02 National University of Singapore 103 CHAPTER 6: DEPENDENCE OF Zn1-xCoxO PROPERTIES...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 16:07

... the D band, G band and 2D band The D band appears due to the lattice defect or molecule absorbers, the G band indicates the vibrational state of graphene‟s sp2 bonding, while the 2D band shows ... 3.112D plot of Conductance of graphene nanoribbon with width of 60nm as a function of Vsd and Vbg at T=4.3 K 51 Figure 4.1 Optical image of thermal power device, is heater, and is thermometers ... in graphene lattice changes, the frequency of G band will shift left or right76 Balandin, et al, show that while the temperature of graphene changes, the frequency of 2D band will change accordingly15...

Ngày tải lên: 02/10/2015, 17:13

... interfacial energy and thickness They reported that the glass transition temperatures of ultra-thin films of polystyrene and poly(methylmethacrylate) depend strongly on the thickness and interfacial energy ... observed that at low values of interfacial energy, Tg of polymer films was less than bulk value and a reverse phenomenon was observed for that of high values of interfacial energy They interpreted ... The film was first heated (Heating 1) from 0°C to 180°C, cooled down to 0°C (Cooling 1) and then reheated to 150°C (Heating 2) It was observed that in the initial heating cycle (Heating1), there...

Ngày tải lên: 05/10/2015, 19:04