grant and lee a study in contrasts outline

... Proposalstoinstallbikelanesonmajorstreetsareoftenmetwithoppositionfrommerchants whofearthatthereallocationofroadspacefromonstreetparkingtoonstreetbikelaneswould hurtbusiness.Thepurposeofthisstudyistounderstandandestimatetheimportanceofon streetparking tobusinessonBloorStreetintheAnnexneighbourhoodofToronto. ToencouragemoreCanadianstousebicyclesforutilitariantripsmoreoften,itisessentialthat theimplementationofbikelanesonmajorstreetsbeaccelerated.TheBloorDanforthcorridoris aparticularlyattractiveoptionforacitywide eastwestbikelaneinTorontobecauseitisoneof theonlylong,straight,relativelyflatroutesthatconnectsthecityfromendtoend;thereareno streetcartracks;andithasoneofthehighestincidencesofbicyclecollisionsinthecity. Thisreportisaboutthedevelopment andtestingofnewanalytictoolstodeterminethepublic acceptabilityandeconomicimpactofreallocatingroadspace.ThestudyconductedinJulyof 2008surveyedtheopinionsandpreferencesof61merchantsand538patronsonBloorStreet andanalyzedparkingusagedatainthearea. Among thestudysfindings: ã ...  P’lots,alsowithin a twoorthreeminutewalkofthe study area:at577 Palmerston,365 Lippincott and 19Spadina.ThedatatrackspaymentsmadeusingTPA’spay and display machinesforbothon‐streetparking and off‐streetTPAlots. Foron‐streetparking,dataisreportedasthenumberofvalidticketsduring15‐minuteintervals throughoutthedaysthatcorrespondwith thepedestriansurveydays(July8,9,10,15,16,17 and 19).However,dataforSaturday,July19 th wasnotavailable,soSaturday,July12 th was substitutedinstead.Theresearcherstookhourlysnapshotsbetween10:00 a. m. and 9:00p.m.– thehourswhenthemachinesaregenerally in use– and determinedtheaveragenumberof validticketsthroughouttheday,aswellasmorning‐midday,afternoon, and eveningaverages. Fortheoff‐streetlots, parkingdataisreportedasdaily and eveningpeaks–thehighest recordednumberofvalidticketsatanygiventime in thedayoreveningperiod.Again,theTPA supplieddataforthesamedaysastheon‐streetparkingdata,whichcorrespondtothe pedestriansurveydays. Theaverage validticketcountswerecomparedtotheoverallcapacity–eitheron‐streetor in lots–todeterminetheaverageusageofon‐street and off‐streetpaidparking. 3.4 ... Thereductioninonstreetparking supplyfromabikelaneorwidenedsidewalkcouldbe accommodatedintheareasoffstreetmunicipalparkinglots. Thespendinghabitsofcyclistsandpedestrians,theirrelativelyhightravelmodeshare,andthe minimalimpactonparkingalldemonstratethatmerchantsinthisareaareunlikely tobe negativelyaffected byreallocatingonstreetparkingspacetoabikelane.Onthecontrary,this changewilllikelyincreasecommercialactivity. Itisrecommendedthatthistypeofstudybereplicatedonothercommercialstreetswherethere isconcernaboutreducingparkingtoaccommodatewidersidewalksorbicyclelanes. Specifically,the researchersalsorecommendthattheCityofTorontousethisstudytolook morecloselyatthefutureofBloorStreetasacandidateforacrosstownbikeway. ...

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... contrast, in an animal model of sepsis VEGF -A levels increased in liver, kidney and heart, and no difference could be detected between VEGF -A levels in serum and plasma, arguing against a majorroleofplateletsasasourceofVEGF -A[ 8] .In our ... considered a medical emergency, and a standar- dized management approach including wide-spectrum antibiotics and admission is usually implemented for all patients. So far, there are no reliable laboratory ... Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Alves et al. Journal of Translational Medicine 2011, 9:23 http://www.translational-medicine.com/content/9/1/23 â...

... ventricular access, the ani- mals were anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine (75 and 10 mg/Kg, respectively, i.p.) and placed in a stereotaxic appa- ratus. A midline saggital incision was made in the ... S100B secretion: a study in cerebrospinal fluid and astrocyte cultures from rats Maria Cristina Guerra † , Lucas S Tortorelli † , Fabiana Galland, Carollina Da Ré, Elisa Negri, Douglas S Engelke, Letícia Rodrigues, ... factor a (TNFa) measurement This assay was carried out in 100 μLofCSF,serumor extracellular medium, using a rat TNFa ELISA from eBioscience (San Diego, USA). Statistical analysis Parametric data are...

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... contrast, in an animal model of sepsis VEGF -A levels increased in liver, kidney and heart, and no difference could be detected between VEGF -A levels in serum and plasma, arguing against a majorroleofplateletsasasourceofVEGF -A[ 8] .In our ... neutropenia and before 3 0 days. Differences in continuous and categori- cal variables were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney or Fisher’s exact test respectively. Data are expressed as median and range ... E, Kawaguchi T, Ariyoshi M, Saiki T, Sakamoto M, Nagata K, et al: Vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 1998, 27:377-380. 20. Taha Y, Raab...