glycolysis gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway

... of the carbohydrate oxidation was via the pentose phosphate pathway and 62% was via glycolysis On the other hand, 50% of the glucose metabolism from mycorrhizal roots was catalyzed by the pentose ... fungal and host tissues suggest that the contribution of the pentose phosphate pathway to respiration is higher in the fungal component than in the plant tissues The fact that the pentose phosphate ... glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, whereas that from [6- C]glucose 14 represented only glycolysis (Ap Rees, 1980) The following set of equations enables the contribution of the pentose phosphate...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 04:20

... models for the 13 upper glycolysis and PPP The nonoxidative pentose phosphate pathway reactions of the traditional model are split up into the three conventional reactions (r.1–3) (IA) and the six ... 13 C in the pentose phosphate pathway R J Kleijn et al Table Comparison of the flux estimates for the traditional and half-reaction models presented in Fig 5I,II The pentose phosphate pathway ... incorporate the other six traditional reactions (r.4–9) when constructing a stoichiometric model for the nonoxidative branch of the PPP 13 C in the pentose phosphate pathway lead to only one C2 and one...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 15:21

... pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis and the pathways for biosynthesis of cell wall components The Aspergillus niger gene encoding G6PDH (gsdA) has been cloned, but transformation of the fungus with ... Figure 4B shows the X-loading weights of the X-variables (measured variables other than NADPH) and the Y-loading of NADPH on the two PCs As NADPH is in the first quadrant of Fig 4B (the four quadrants ... possible that the control mechanism for the high and low PPP enzyme activities in the exponential phase of the nitrate and ammonium cultures, respectively, is the NADPH level as suggested by the results...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 17:20

... confirm this hypothesis, the influence of the concentrations of NADP+ and MEP 5, the substrates of the reverse reaction, and of NADPH and DXP 3, the products of the reaction, on the total amount of ... towards the DXR On the one hand, if DXP analogue 14 is transformed to the (2R)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanol 4 -phosphate 27, the reaction is most probably an a-ketol rearrangement On the other hand, the ... [47] These peculiar properties of the two metal cations may influence the binding of methylerythrose phosphate to the active site, and thus explain the different Km values for the aldehyde The...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 03:20

... objectives To know the enzyme joining the PPP To understand the pathways to form the ribose 5 -phosphate To understand the regulation of PPP Content  Functions of the pentose phosphate pathway  Oxidative ... (DNA and RNA synthesis) it can be made from the reverse of the transaldolase and transketolase reactions from Fructose-6-PO4 and GAP One fate of G6P is the pentose pathway 18 The pentose pathway ... further down in the glycolytic pathway  It is for this reason that the pentose pathway is often referred to as a shunt 19 It’s a shunt 20 What does the pentose phosphate pathway achieve?  The...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 13:20

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 03:20

... and the d-, e- and f-isoforms were approximately equally distributed between the cytosol and membrane fraction (Table 2) In control experiments, the conventional cPKCa and the novel nPKCs d and ... by the addition of agonists to the dishes Inhibitors were added 10 before the agonists The incubation was terminated by rapidly aspirating the medium and immersing the dishes in liquid N2 Glycolysis ... For the determination of glycogen synthesis and glycolysis, the medium was supplemented with [14C]glucose (30 kBq per dish) After a 30-min preincubation, zero-time samples were taken and the...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 02:21

... growth and differentiation On ligand binding, the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase initiates multiple signaling cascades, including activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway and ... effectors [23] This pathway is a key signal transducer of many growth factors and cytokines and has been implicated in the regulation of cell growth, cell migration and cell survival [24] The protein ... insulin was consistent, as well as being time and concentration dependent The role of the PI3K ⁄ Akt pathway in the regulation of HO-1 has been the source of much interest lately Our data demonstrate...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 12:20

... expression through the same cis-acting element in the PR-1a promoter On the other hand, an as-1 containing PR-1a promoter responds differently from the wild-type promoter towards SA and the HR Therefore, ... to standard procedures [34] For the construction of the PR-1 reporter gene, a 0.27 kb StyI/PstI fragment from kW38-1, comprising parts of the 5¢ region and the open reading frame encoded by the ... containing the PR-1a gene The resulting plasmid was linearized with EcoRV, which cuts in the PR-1a 3¢ untranslated region 56 bp 3¢ to the stop codon, and a SacI linker was added to the blunt ends The...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 15:21

... in the mutant First, there is an increase in the negative charge in the active site and, second, breaking the salt bridge would alter the quaternary structure of the protein and therefore the ... catalysis The alignment of the small CMLEs from different members of the Rhizobiales with these sequences demonstrated that in A radiobacter S2 (and the other member of the Rhizobiales), the amino ... 3-sulfomuconate (3SM), and have therefore been described as type II CMLEs; they are named HiCMLE2 and ArCMLE2 Surprisingly, it was found that the ‘type I’ enzyme from the protocatechuate pathway (and gene...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 10:20

... described in the text and in Table F is the pathway fidelity, the reciprocal of C, and SK ¼ X(a) ⁄ Y(a) is the pathway specificity, where Y(a) is the activation of the target of filamentous growth pathway ... anticipated from the wiring scheme of the pathways, because it contains no direct inhibition of the pheromone pathway by the filamentous growth pathway In the case of the filamentous growth pathway, however, ... also leak into the mating pathway However, activation of Fus3 by the filamentous growth pathway is weak and therefore neglected in the following l The scaffold complex of the pheromone pathway can...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 10:20

... combinations of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway as well as AK and ApK The involvement of the pentose phosphate pathway is not, however, essential for ATP build up in these modes It ... involves glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway in addition We have found four elementary modes producing ATP starting from adenine They involve parts of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway ... 77, 85, and 92 in Table S2) produce ATP from adenosine (Table 3) All of these involve AK and ApK Mode III.1 is made up of glycolysis, AK and ApK and does not involve any pentose phosphate pathway...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 20:20

... operated the patient and is the senior author HA managed the patient and wrote the manuscript VR assisted with the literature review and manuscript preparation All authors have read and approved the ... of the left knee after cementation of the medial femoral and medial tibial condyles simultaneous venting to allow for free inflow of the material (Figures and 4) After minutes the calcium phosphate ... synovitis and so underwent a total synovectomy There was a × cm uncontained bony perforation medial to the tibial tubercle, and the tibial polyethylene had badly delaminated and was excessively worn The...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 04:20

... follicles were cut open and the theca and adherent granulosa cells peeled from the stroma The granulosa cells were then gently scraped from the theca and the granulosa and theca cells were snap ... [21,22] The objectives of the studies reported here were to examine the interactions of the gonadotrophins and IGF with the Akt and Erk signalling pathways in theca and granulosa cells in vitro and ... that include activation of the Erk pathway [9,10], the Akt pathway [11,12] and the inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol [13,14] pathways These signal transduction pathways, when activated,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 07:20

... participated in the design of the study RS carried out part of the Western blotting GK, DY, MEL, WJB, HB and VL participated in the design of the study and analyzed data RR carried out part of the apoptosis ... propidium iodide staining and FACScan analysis The combination of radiation and AT-101 induced more apoptosis than radiation alone and exceeded the sum of the effects caused by the single agent treatments ... radiation and chemotherapeutic drugs [27,47,48] The SAPK/JNK pathway involves sequential phosphorylation and activation of the proteins MAPK/ ERK kinase kinase 1, SAPK/ERK kinase 1, SAPK/JNK and c-Jun...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 10:20

... SB203580 atheroscleorosis, asthma and tumor development [21,22] The luciferase activity in the IκBα-luc mice could be used as a sensor for monitoring the NF-κB activation and to further understand ... the mouse body in accord with the pseudo-color scale shown on the right of the images Red represents the highest photons/sec while blue represents the lowest photons/sec B Quantification of the ... placed between the IκBα promoter and the luciferase gene to optimize the luciferase expression in transgenic mice The transgene cassette was separated from the vector backbone sequences and used for...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 08:21

... monolayers of DCs and RS cells were infected with 10 or PFU per cell of McKrae and the virus yield determined at the indicated times by standard plaque assays as described in Materials and Methods ... and then harvested cells at 0, 4, 12, 24, and 48 hr postinfection Total RNA was isolated as described in Materials and Methods, and various viral mRNA levels were quantitated by RT-PCR ICP0 and ... and 12 hr PI the levels of ICP0 (Fig 3, ICP0), ICP4 (Fig 3, ICP4), TK (Fig 3, TK), and gB (Fig 3, gB) transcripts were similar between STAT1-/- and STAT1+/+ DCs However, by 24 and 48 hrs PI the...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 04:21

... monolayers of DCs and RS cells were infected with 10 or PFU per cell of McKrae and the virus yield determined at the indicated times by standard plaque assays as described in Materials and Methods ... and then harvested cells at 0, 4, 12, 24, and 48 hr postinfection Total RNA was isolated as described in Materials and Methods, and various viral mRNA levels were quantitated by RT-PCR ICP0 and ... and 12 hr PI the levels of ICP0 (Fig 3, ICP0), ICP4 (Fig 3, ICP4), TK (Fig 3, TK), and gB (Fig 3, gB) transcripts were similar between STAT1-/- and STAT1+/+ DCs However, by 24 and 48 hrs PI the...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 04:21

... between SNPs in the vitamin D receptor gene and asthma in the SLSJ study The upper part of the figure shows the exonintron structure of the gene and the localization of the genotyped SNPs The coding ... presents the result of one gene The top line indicates the gene name and symbol The upper part of each subfigure shows the exon-intron structure of the gene and the localization of the genotyped ... previously observed in the VDR gene between the SLSJ and CAMP studies [21,22] can also be appreciated in Figure (the solid line is at the top in the SLSJ study and at the bottom in the CAMP study) Combined...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 14:20

... for the design and writing of the manuscript All authors read and approved the final manuscript Acknowledgements We thank the AIDS Research and Reference Program (National Institute of Allergy and ... modulation of the mitochondrial pathway by regulating Bax pore induction Further experiments are needed in order to clarify the mechanism by which the virus decreases MMP and controls the execution ... by Hoechst and APOBrDU DOC and GAR were responsible of experiments using Western blot analysis, and contributed to writing of the manuscript MB, RL and MS performed and interpreted the flow cytometry...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 06:20