geographic and energy aware routing

... Mahapatra, K Anand, and D P Agrawal, “QoS and energy aware routing for real-time traffic in wireless sensor networks,” Computer Communications, vol 29, no 4, pp 437–445, 2006 [8] S Slijepcevic and M Potkonjak, ... hop -routing, shortest-distance path routing [23], and so forth, but these strategies not specifically support the stateless architecture and the energy constraints of the sensor networks Power Aware ... keeping in view the awareness of time and energy However, most of the conventional routing protocols not consider time deadlines, energy, or congestion at the forwarding nodes while routing a packet...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 23:20

... proposed energy- aware routing protocol (EARP) is presented and its energy efficiency is compared with that of the ad hoc on-demand distancevector (AODV) routing protocol the network parameters and the ... parameters ENERGY- AWARE ROUTING PROTOCOL In energy- efficient routing protocol (EARP), the route discovery process is exactly the same as in AODV; the source S floods an RREQ to its neighbors and the ... computational overhead due to route-table lookup Energy- Aware Routing Protocol 639 (E9 ) and loading of route to cache (E10 ) need to be added Thus, the total energy ERCR consumed in RCR mechanism is...

Ngày tải lên: 23/06/2014, 00:20

... environment This thesis attempts to solve the routing problem due to the dynamics of wireless links and therefore focus on designing robust and energy efficient routing protocols for wireless sensor networks ... context of several perspectives such as routing, path selection criteria, robustness, reliability and energy efficiency 2.3.1 Routing Structure Generally, routing for wireless sensor networks can ... location-based routing With flat routing structure, all the nodes are equal in routing functionality Directed Diffusion proposed in [14] is a flat routing protocol In hierarchical-based routing, different...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 16:06

... Multiple routing (1) Minimize routing overhead and packet header (2) Support asymmetric links Scalable routing: (1) Flat routing (2) Hierarchical routing (3) Geographic poison information assisted routing ... concepts in routing, and then we present a brief survey of mobile ad hoc routing protocols A further study is provided on the on-demand routing protocols, and two of the most typical on-demand routing ... scalability, the routing protocols can fall into three classes: flat routing, hierarchical routing, and geographic position information assisted routing approaches [18] The flat routing protocol...

Ngày tải lên: 26/11/2015, 10:49

... Communications and Networking Conventional on-demand routing protocols such as ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) [8] and dynamic source routing (DSR) [9] are not energy aware Routing is done ... obtain useful source routes ENERGY- EFFICIENT MANET ROUTING ALGORITHM In the common thread of energy- aware routing protocols, routing decisions should be based on each node’s energy level The ultimate ... Feeney and Nilsson presented in [15] a combination of simulation and experimental results showing that energy and bandwidth are substantively different metrics and that resource utilization in routing...

Ngày tải lên: 23/06/2014, 00:20

... that is faster and more energy- efficient In this approach, they randomly slow down or speed up the tasks based on their energy gradient and 23 3.2 Multiprocessor Systems with a Single Energy Source ... Performance of EGMS and EGMSIV 43 4.4.1 Energy Optimization without Task Mapping 43 4.4.2 Energy Optimization with Task Mapping 46 Dynamic Energy- aware Scheduling ... various energyaware static scheduling strategies in the literature and proposes an efficient, energy gradient-based approach to generate these schedules by considering task mapping, task scheduling and...

Ngày tải lên: 30/09/2015, 06:05

... Sayigh/Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (1998) 1-2 different locations and how this dictates the shape and form of the buildings and save some energy The igloo of the Inuit and the open courtyard ... RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews PERGAMON (1998) Introduction Ali Sayigh 147 Hilmanton, Lower Barley, Reading RG6 4HN, UK Energy and architecture form ... developing countries Population growth and demand for housing have forced poUticians to embark on massive housing schemes without consideration of comfort, energy demand and environmental issues In this...

Ngày tải lên: 20/08/2013, 23:29

... month to downstream demands Each month the calculations follow this order: Annual demand and monthly supply requirements for each demand site and flow requirement Runoff and infiltration from ... coverage of demand sites’ and instream flows’ requirements, subject to demand priorities, supply preferences, mass balance and other constraints Pollution generation by demand sites, flows and treatment ... irrigation zones and industrial and urban demands They are defined by their demand curves, consumption parameters, intakes and connection to a return element Individual consumptive demands can be...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58

... renewable energy, energy management, wind energy, solar energy and, fuel injection and alternative fuels Leslie R Pagliari is an Associate Professor in the Department of Technology Systems and Associate ... International Journal of Energy and Environment (IJEE), Volume 3, Issue 3, 2012, pp.399-408 energy consumption and the average monthly energy intensity during the heating seasons (discussed and measured ... measured in oF Energy consumption during the heating season is calculated using two variables; Average monthly energy consumption and average monthly energy intensity Average monthly energy consumption...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 16:10

... situations Wireless ATM and Ad Hoc Routing 291 Figure 10.13 Propagation of the RREQ packet 10.4.2 On-demand Routing Protocols 10.4.2.1 Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing [16] The AODV ... E and Royer E M Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing, in Proceedings of 2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computer Systems and Applications, February, 1999, pp 90–100 Wireless ATM and Ad Hoc Routing ... time of the battery-powered mobile nodes is reduced Ondemand routing protocols, on the other hand, have a lower power consumption and demand less control signaling; however, end-to-end connection...

Ngày tải lên: 29/09/2013, 21:20

... is 4.3 m Ans The energy dissipation is given by the difference between the upstream energy and that of the parallel flow downstream of the jump and amounts to a difference in energy head of : ... initial energy 2 10 12 14 E hc Fig 6.12 Energy dissipation at the base of the free overfall Chapter 6: TRANSITIONS AND ENERGY DISSIPATORS ... tailwater level A very considerable body of experiment and analysis on this type of energy dissipator has been presented by Moore (1943), Rand (1955) and Dominguez (1958, 1974) The depth of the supercritical...

Ngày tải lên: 20/12/2013, 19:15

... between the three components pf daily energy expenditure (TEE, RMR, and EEPA) and Vo2max Table Components of Daily Energy Expenditure, Reported Energy Intake, and LTA in 13 Elderly Subjects TEE ... - DhKh), (Eq 1) where D, and Dh are the individual, zero-time extrapolated dilution spaces of H2180 and 2H20 in moles, and K) and Kh are the turnover rates of Hz’s0 and ‘Hz0 in days-‘ Isotope ... SF: Relation of age and physical exercise status on metabolic rate in younger and older healthy men J Gerontol46:B54-B58.1991 Calloway DH, Zanni E: Energy requirements and energy expenditure of...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 07:20

... link-state routing and identify solutions to those issues • Describe the features of balanced hybrid routing protocols © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc All rights reserved ICND v2.0—5-3 Link-State Routing ... Balanced Hybrid Routing • Shares attributes of both distance vector and link-state routing © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc All rights reserved ICND v2.0—5-10 Summary • Link-state routing uses LSAs, ... topological database, the SPF algorithm, the resulting SPF tree, and a routing table of paths and ports to each network • Link-state routing algorithms maintain a complex database of the network's...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 08:20

... such as the Lyon-Turin line between France and Italy, energy and environmental costs require a special attention and a careful analysis of the energy and material flows involved over the entire ... better energy performance (between 0.62 and 0.77 MJ/p-km, depending on load factor), while the HSR is characterized by a much higher energy demand and indirect GHG emissions (between 1.02 and 1.44 ... with underground and surface water, to mention only a few aspects, in addition to the energy necessary to keep the system operating, the consumption of raw materials and energy and related emissions...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 19:20

... and environmental impact (Paper V) In China, the combined straw pulp and energy production seem to have possibilities due to the chronic fibre shortage and also the increasing demand for bioenergy ... simple and environmentally efficient pulping method and the problems associated with raw material storage and logistics An ideal non-wood pulping process is simple and environmentally efficient and ... reference, pressurised P 1, sugar addition and alkali pretreatment pulps Consistency 10%, temperature in P2, Paa and P3 stages 85˚C, and time in P2 and P3 stages 180 and in peracetic acid stage 60 Hot...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 09:20

... Introduction Air pollution and global warming are two of the greatest threats to human and animal health and political stability Energy insecurity and rising prices of conventional energy sources are ... land use calculation in the most detail61, determined the effect of price changes on land use change with spatially-distributed global data for land conversion between noncropland and cropland ... removal will increase as coal consumption expands to meet new energy demand and power CCS equipment The conversion of land from natural vegetation to cropland, needed for the production of biofuels,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 16:20

Ngày tải lên: 09/03/2014, 22:20

... (hydropower, wind energy, and bioenergy) solar energies and quasi-inexhaustible energy sources like nuclear breeder and fusion reactors as well as some smaller contributions from geothermal and tidal ... feedstock and operating conditions and is in the range between ca 10 and 35 wt.% The pyrolysis gases contain CO and CO as main components in amounts between 30 and 55 vol.%; methane, hydrogen, and ... mass and energy balance for the solid, liquid, and gaseous products, whose percentages and properties are needed for the subsequent slurry preparation and gasification steps Char, condensate, and...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 19:20

... are centered on coal and are designed to meet the same level of energy service demand and socio-economic development projected by the local governments Energy service demand in 2020 is projected ... supplies 2% of total energy needs (10% of the energy needs in the residential and commercial sectors) in three surrounding municipalities—Jining and Linyi in Shandong Province and Xuzhou in Jiangsu ... regulatory actions or polices It should be of interest to energy and environmental authorities and local governments in charge of energy and environmental planning in China We use an integrated...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 20:20

... such as the Lyon-Turin line between France and Italy, energy and environmental costs require a special attention and a careful analysis of the energy and material flows involved over the entire ... better energy performance (between 0.62 and 0.77 MJ/p-km, depending on load factor), while the HSR is characterized by a much higher energy demand and indirect GHG emissions (between 1.02 and 1.44 ... with underground and surface water, to mention only a few aspects, in addition to the energy necessary to keep the system operating, the consumption of raw materials and energy and related emissions...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 07:20