generalized phrase structure grammar gazdar

... Plenum Press. Gazdar, Gerald. 1981. "Unbounded Dependencies and Coordinate Structure. " Linguistic Inquiry 12, 155-184. Gazdar, Gerald. 1982. " ;Phrase Structure Grammar. " ... Gerald Gazdar. 1982. Natural languages and context-free languages. Linguistics and phitos.ophy 4. Sag, Ivan A. 1982. "Coordination, Extraction, and Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar. " ... research had three goals: (1) demonstrating the computational tractability of Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG), (2) implementing a GPSG system covering a large fragment of English,...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 18:20

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 17:20

... Matching Phrase- structures For phrase- structures, the definition of i match can be replaced by a direct comparison of the phrase- structures of the MF and grammar rule. Variables in the MF phrase- structure ... BNF grammars, annotated phrase- structure grammars, or similar methods, a phrase- structure representation makes the parsing problem computatlonally tractable [7]. However, phrase- structure ... [4] in that the metarules work on a phrase- structure grammar annotated with arbitrary feature sets (Annotated Phrase- structure Grammar, or APSG [7]). Grammars for a large subset of English...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 01:21

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 17:20

Ngày tải lên: 01/04/2014, 00:20

... learn more about gerunds later in this chapter.) – STRUCTURE: GRAMMAR AND STYLE – 59  The TOEFL Exam Structure Section: What to Expect Section II: Structure does not require you to actually write ... to $100. – STRUCTURE: GRAMMAR AND STYLE – 65 4. A lack in folic acid, especially in early pregnancy, can lead to serious birth defects. AB C D a. A b. B c. C d. D Answers: 3-b, 4-a.  Grammar and ... ostrich is the fastest two-legged animal on Earth. Parts of Speech – STRUCTURE: GRAMMAR AND STYLE – 58  Putting It All Together: A Structure Practice Quiz Answer the questions below. You will find...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 15:20

... 2012. c 2012 Association for Computational Linguistics Robust Conversion of CCG Derivations to Phrase Structure Trees Jonathan K. Kummerfeld † Dan Klein † James R. Curran ‡ † Computer Science Division ‡ e -lab, ... james@it.usyd.edu.au Abstract We propose an improved, bottom-up method for converting CCG derivations into PTB-style phrase structure trees. In contrast with past work (Clark and Curran, 2009), which used simple transductions ... inconsistencies. Clark and Curran (2009) developed a CCG to PTB conversion that treats the CCG derivation as a phrase structure tree and applies hand-crafted rules to ev- ery pair of categories that combine in...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 19:20

... paper introduces an indexing method based on static analysis of grammar rules and type signatures for typed feature structure grammars (TFSGs). The static analysis tries to predict at compile-time ... data structures is therefore required. Indexing by static analysis of grammar rules combined with statistical methods also can provide a higher aggregate benefit. The current static analysis of grammar ... information. Techni- cal Report 140, SFB 340, T¨ubingen. C. Pollard and I. Sag. 1994. Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar. The University of Chicago Press. I.V. Ramakrishnan, R. Sekar, and A. Voronkov. 2001....

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 15:21

... approxi- mations for context-free grammars and equivalent augmented phrase- structure grammar formalisms. The approximation is exact for certain context- free grammars generating regular languages, ... relevant syntac- tic and semantic regularities. Augmented phrase structure grammar (APSG) formalisms, such as unification-based grammars (Shieber, 1985a), can express many of those regularities, ... the observation that many interest- ing phrase- structure grammars have substantial parts that accept regular languages. That does not mean that the grammar rules are in the stan- dard forms...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 07:20

... which run different types of grammars. Among them, the most successful are the CF grammars, the augmented phrase- structure grammars (APSGs), and the semantic grammars. All of them have different ... (1976), and its major improvements are described. It has been designed to run Augmented Phrase- Structure Grammars (APSG) and performs semantic interpretation in parallel with syntactic analysis. ... VoI.I: Syntax. Addison-Wesley. 202 AN EFFICIENT CONTEXT-FREE PARSER FOR AUGMENTED PHRASE- STRUCTURE GRAMMARS Massimo Marino*, Antonella Spiezio, Giacomo Ferrari*, Irina Prodanof+ *Linguistics...

Ngày tải lên: 09/03/2014, 01:20

... that it might be possible to "infer" a phrase s~ruc'~r,e ~ L,-,, jus~ the grouping s~ruc~ure of ~he input (i.e., j us~ phrase boundaries). Pur~her, the set of descrip~iuns ... of ~z~nsformations," ki~ic Analysis, Vol. 2, 1976. [2] Gezdar, .G.J.M., " ;Phrase s-~,%~-%n0z~ grammar, " to appear zn The Nal-ure of S},nr.actic Representation, (eds. P. Jacobscn ... 1979. [3] Sazdar, G.J.M., "I~ as a eont~cee language," unpublished ms., 1978. [~] Gazdar, G.J.M., "Unbounded dependencies and c'o- ordinate s~I-ocrure," unpublished...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 19:20

... base noun phrases (NPs), commit- ting only to flat structures that ignore the complexity of English NPs. This means that tools trained on Treebank data cannot learn the correct internal structure ... generates the correct sub-NP structure, then the system may return a non- sensical answer even though the correct dominating noun phrase has been found. Base-NP structure is also important for ... Treebank phrase structure to Combinatory Categorial Gram- mar (CCG) (Steedman, 2000) derivations. Since CCG derivations are binary branching, they cannot di- rectly represent the flat structure...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 18:20

... parser is not a complete phrase structure tree. The output is a list of the combinations which were done. This is isomorphic to the complete phrase structure, since the structure can be constructed ... Parser The parser builds the phrase structure for a sentence incrementally from beginning to end. After each word the short term memory contains information about the structure built so far. ... the parser's grammars, but work on related formalisms provides ev- idence of its expressiveness. References [Henderson, 1990] James Henderson. Structure Uni- fication Grammar: A Unifying...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 20:20

... Cate- gorial Grammar (CCG) (Steedman, 2000) and was created by a semi-automatic conversion from the Penn Treebank. However, CCG is a binary branch- ing grammar, and as such, cannot leave NP structure underspecified. ... Categorial Grammar (CCG) (Steed- man, 2000) is a type-driven, lexicalised theory of grammar. Lexical categories (also called supertags) are made up of basic atoms such as S (Sentence) and NP (Noun Phrase) , ... their training data, the Penn Treebank (Marcus et al., 1993), does not fully anno- tate NP structure. The flat structure described by the Penn Treebank can be seen in this example: (NP (NN lung) (NN...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 00:20

Ngày tải lên: 08/04/2014, 02:18

... a prepositional phrase as a complete sentence. A preposition relates the noun or pronoun following it to some other part of the sentence (see Lesson 14 in Part One, page 94). A phrase is a group ... takes an object, car, like a verb.) PROBLEMS WITH SENTENCE STRUCTURE 161 150 COMMON USAGE ERRORS Lesson 20 Problems with Sentence Structure There are three basic kinds of sentences: simple, ... directions say. 10. She listened to the CD player, she had earphones on. PROBLEMS WITH SENTENCE STRUCTURE 167 8. Lying down in the wet grass. 9. Noticing a blind person on the corner of a busy...

Ngày tải lên: 23/10/2013, 13:20

... focus of previous works, but also understanding their semantic structure. In this work, we formally define the semantic structure of noun phrase queries as comprised of intent heads and intent modifiers. ... (again for Movie). 3 Query Semantic Structure Unlike database query languages such as SQL, web queries are usually formulated as sequences of words without explicit structures. This makes web queries ... automatically makes such decisions, we first need to understand what constitute the se- mantic structure of a noun phrase query. 3.1 Definition We let C denote a set of query intent classes that represent...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 04:20

... Combinatory Categorial Grammar, Lexi- cal Functional Grammar, and Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar. An SUG grammar is a set of partial descrip- tions of phrase structure trees. Each SUG ... about the phrase structure of a sentence until this structure is com- pletely described. This information is specified in partial descriptions of phrase structure trees. An SUG grammar is ... overview of Structure Unification Grammar, then present the parser design, and finally a sketch of its implementation. STRUCTURE UNIFICATION GRAMMAR Structure Unification Grammar is a formaliza-...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 21:20

... Myanmar Syllable Structure in Context-Free Grammar 3.1 Manually Constructed Context-Free Grammar for Myanmar Syllable Structure Context free (CF) grammar refers to the grammar rules of ... free grammar as it can apply not only to describe the sentence structure but also the syllable structure of an Asian script, Myanmar. Though the number of productions in the proposed grammar ... the proposed grammar. 1 Introduction Formal Language Theory is a common way to represent grammatical structures of natural languages and programming languages. The origin of grammar hierarchy...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 22:20

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 17:20