fundamentals of clinical studies

... Fundamentals of Clinical Psychopharmacology Fundamentals of Clinical Psychopharmacology Second edition Edited by Ian M Anderson MD FRCPsych Senior Lecturer in Psychiatry University of Manchester ... Section of Clinical Neuropharmacology P051 Division of Psychological Medicine Institute of Psychiatry De Crespigny Park London SE5 8AF, UK Allan Young Professor in General Psychiatry Department of ... analysis of clinical trials It is not a comprehensive textbook of psychopharmacology but provides what we believe to be the core of clinically relevant information about drugs in the context of current...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 09:20

... Fundamentals of Clinical Ophthalmology: Cataract Surgery Fundamentals of Clinical Ophthalmology series Cornea Edited by Douglas Coster ... Registrar Moorfields Eye Hospital London, UK viii Preface to the Fundamentals of Clinical Ophthalmology series This book is part of a series of ophthalmic monographs, written for ophthalmologists in ... SUSAN LIGHTMAN Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology/Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK © BMJ Publishing Group 2003 BMJ Books is an imprint of the BMJ Publishing Group...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 00:20

... manoeuvrability of the phaco tip and hand piece is not restricted by the internal aspect of the incision It also reduces the risk of compression of the irrigation sleeve or iatrogenic detachment of Descemet’s ... preferences of ASCRS members: 1998 survey J Cataract Refract Surg 1999; 25:851–9 Desai P, Minassian DC, Reidy A National cataract surgery survey 1997–8: a report of the results of the clinical outcomes ... Most of these advantages are directly attributable to the sutureless small incision Accordingly, incision construction is a key component of modern cataract surgery In each of the steps of phacoemulsification,...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 00:20

... difficulties of forward pressure with those of a lack of red reflex Logically, therefore, all of the above mentioned advice should be observed A forceps technique is preferable because the cortex is often ... Cavitation This occurs just ahead of the tip of the phaco probe and results in an area of high temperature and high pressure, causing liquefaction of the nucleus The process of cavitation is illustrated ... power The actual position of the foot pedal and its associated action is usually programmable Mechanism of action of phacoemulsification There are two principal mechanisms of action for phacoemulsification.2...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 00:20

... a display The height of a spike on the y-axis indicates the amplitude of an echo The position of a spike along the x-axis of the display is dependent upon the arrival time of an echo at the transducer ... peripheral edge of the lens With experience, however, chopping can be performed despite a reduced view The period of highest risk of damage to the posterior capsule is during the removal of the final ... focus the eyepiece in certain instruments could lead to errors in measurement of corneal radius of curvature of the order of 0·05 mm and as great as 0·15 mm in some instruments.3 Individuals are usually...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 00:20

... axial length of the eye Software has been introduced by several authors for use on personal computers This software allows a surgeon to calculate lens implant powers using a variety of formulae ... accuracy of lens implant calculations Formula(e) choice in complex cases Extremes of axial length Hoffer29 suggests that different formulae perform optimally according to the axial length of the ... (22·0–24·5 mm), an average of the powers calculated using the Holladay, Hoffer Q, and 80 Table 6.2 length Axial length (mm) Choice of formulae according to the axial Proportion of eyes in population...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 00:20

... The addition of small doses of a potent short acting opioid (alfentanil) decreases further the dose of propofol required to maintain general anaesthesia Target plasma levels of propofol can be ... boon for the 10% of patients who are needle phobic • Sevoflurane, a vapour anaesthetic agent, has become the agent of choice for gas induction because of its very rapid onset and offset It has similar ... that a sedative dose of propofol in one patient may cause loss of consciousness in another In summary, the available techniques of sedation lead to an unpredictable depression of consciousness in...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 00:20

... APDR No DR NPDR QPDR APDR Severity of diabetic retinopathy at the time of surgery Severity of retinopathy at the time of surgery a) b) Figure 10.1 Meta-analysis of visual acuity following extracapsular ... severity of retinopathy and proportion of patients achieving a postoperative visual acuity of 6/12 or better (b) Effect of maculopathy on relationship between preoperative severity of retinopathy ... presence of maculopathy (Figure 10.1).4 In that study, between and 80% of eyes with diabetic retinopathy achieved a postoperative visual acuity of 6/12 or more More than 80% of patients in recent studies, 20,22,23...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 00:20

... presence of cataract may affect the accuracy of both field testing and optic disc examination, which complicates the assessment of glaucoma progression This may have implications for the timing of ... cataract Paediatric cataract The treatment of paediatric cataract is a complex subspeciality area It often requires a multidisciplinary team of doctors and eye professionals to work closely with the ... cataract surgery Arch Ophthalmol 1983;101:1903–9 49 Roberts CW Comparison of diclofenac sodium and flurbiprofen for inhibition of surgically induced miosis J Cataract Refract Surg 1996;22(suppl 1):780–7...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 00:20

... al Clinical studies on the efficiency of high power laser radiation upon some structures of the anterior segment of the eye: first experiences of the treatment of some pathological conditions of ... population of more than one billion, yielding a CSR of less than 300 Latin America Latin America has a relatively smaller population, with a prevalence of blindness of around 0·5%, of which about ... complications of surgery, and uncorrected refractive error Although the use of IOLs will reduce the latter, it will not affect the other causes The same studies have shown that quality of life and...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 00:20

... Fundamentals of Clinical Ophthalmology: Cataract Surgery Fundamentals of Clinical Ophthalmology series Cornea Edited by Douglas Coster ... Registrar Moorfields Eye Hospital London, UK viii Preface to the Fundamentals of Clinical Ophthalmology series This book is part of a series of ophthalmic monographs, written for ophthalmologists in ... SUSAN LIGHTMAN Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology/Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK © BMJ Publishing Group 2003 BMJ Books is an imprint of the BMJ Publishing Group...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 20:21

... difficulties of forward pressure with those of a lack of red reflex Logically, therefore, all of the above mentioned advice should be observed A forceps technique is preferable because the cortex is often ... Cavitation This occurs just ahead of the tip of the phaco probe and results in an area of high temperature and high pressure, causing liquefaction of the nucleus The process of cavitation is illustrated ... power The actual position of the foot pedal and its associated action is usually programmable Mechanism of action of phacoemulsification There are two principal mechanisms of action for phacoemulsification.2...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 20:21

... a display The height of a spike on the y-axis indicates the amplitude of an echo The position of a spike along the x-axis of the display is dependent upon the arrival time of an echo at the transducer ... peripheral edge of the lens With experience, however, chopping can be performed despite a reduced view The period of highest risk of damage to the posterior capsule is during the removal of the final ... focus the eyepiece in certain instruments could lead to errors in measurement of corneal radius of curvature of the order of 0·05 mm and as great as 0·15 mm in some instruments.3 Individuals are usually...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 20:21

... axial length of the eye Software has been introduced by several authors for use on personal computers This software allows a surgeon to calculate lens implant powers using a variety of formulae ... accuracy of lens implant calculations Formula(e) choice in complex cases Extremes of axial length Hoffer29 suggests that different formulae perform optimally according to the axial length of the ... (22·0–24·5 mm), an average of the powers calculated using the Holladay, Hoffer Q, and 80 Table 6.2 length Axial length (mm) Choice of formulae according to the axial Proportion of eyes in population...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 20:21

... APDR No DR NPDR QPDR APDR Severity of diabetic retinopathy at the time of surgery Severity of retinopathy at the time of surgery a) b) Figure 10.1 Meta-analysis of visual acuity following extracapsular ... severity of retinopathy and proportion of patients achieving a postoperative visual acuity of 6/12 or better (b) Effect of maculopathy on relationship between preoperative severity of retinopathy ... presence of maculopathy (Figure 10.1).4 In that study, between and 80% of eyes with diabetic retinopathy achieved a postoperative visual acuity of 6/12 or more More than 80% of patients in recent studies, 20,22,23...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 20:21

... presence of cataract may affect the accuracy of both field testing and optic disc examination, which complicates the assessment of glaucoma progression This may have implications for the timing of ... cataract Paediatric cataract The treatment of paediatric cataract is a complex subspeciality area It often requires a multidisciplinary team of doctors and eye professionals to work closely with the ... cataract surgery Arch Ophthalmol 1983;101:1903–9 49 Roberts CW Comparison of diclofenac sodium and flurbiprofen for inhibition of surgically induced miosis J Cataract Refract Surg 1996;22(suppl 1):780–7...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 20:21

... order of prevalence However, the absence of ocular pain or hypopyon did not exclude a diagnosis of endophthalmitis, these being present in only 75% of patients in that study.23 The presence of significant ... availability of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (TPA).44 Intracameral administration of 10–25 µg leads to rapid dissolution of fibrin, allowing dilatation of the pupil, lysis of synechiae, ... preparation of cultures and handling the specimens that may be of very limited volume It is important to perform aerobic and anaerobic cultures of specimens, particularly in cases of delayed endophthalmitis,...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 20:21

... the apex of a V-shaped wound (a) shows the subcutaneous path of the suture through the apex of the triangular flap (b) shows the tied suture approximating the apex of the flap in the V of the wound ... overridings of the posterior lamella by a roll of skin and preseptal orbicularis.Time is often all that is needed to secure the integrity of the cornea as initially the lashes are soft and nonabrasive, ... past the pupil and beyond with obvious rounding of the previously pointed corner of the medial canthus: this indicates loss of the posterior limb of the medial canthal tendon which needs reattachment...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 13:20

... preservation of normal eyelid function for the protection of 55 PLASTIC and ORBITAL SURGERY the eye and restoration of good cosmesis Of these goals preservation of normal function is of the utmost ... Full-thickness loss of upper and lower lids Reconstruction of the upper eyelid becomes much more of a challenge when additional periocular tissue and part of the lower eyelid have been lost The type of reconstruction ... 1cm and recurrent tumours Although a number of studies reported high success rates with radiation for periocular basal cell carcinomas, many of these studies did not include long-term follow-up...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 13:20

... Incise the ellipse of skin to the level of the frontalis muscle on the deep surface of the subcutaneous fat Excise the ellipse of tissue Special care is needed in the region of the supraorbital ... closure The position of the superior jaw of the forceps is marked This method of marking is repeated nasally and temporally and the marks joined with similar preparation of the other eyelid remembering ... involvement of the meninges or optic nerves so little risk of backward spread of infection The operation is less traumatic than enucleation and normally results in minimal bleeding; this may be of particular...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 13:20