fundamentals and potential application to phytoremediation

... for phytostabilisation of contaminated land need to exhibit multiple tolerance to metals and metalloids Examples of such species which have evolved multiple tolerance to various metals and As ... which are able to extract and translocate pollutants to the harvestable parts Phytoextraction can be divided in continuous phytoextraction (using hyperaccumulator plants) and induced phytoextraction ... uptake and mitigate As-caused phytotoxicity symptoms (Hurd-Karrer, 1939; Asher and Reay, 1979; Tsutsumi, 1982; Meharg and Macnair, 1990; De Koe and Jaques, 1993) Summarising results of pot, laboratory...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 23:49

... (PAO462, PAO651 and PAO846) and an FITC-labeled EUBMIX (EUB338, EUB338 II and EUB338 III) probe (Table 1) The targets of PAOMIX and EUBMIX probe are Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis and most eubacteria, ... suitable for routine monitoring or measurement of a large number of samples, and lead to better understanding of the contribution of Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’ to phosphorus removal ... activated sludge was related to those of Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’ Standard curves were constructed from 1.0×103 to 1.0×107 copies of the DNA quantification standard per reaction A linear...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 09:38

... test and some applications to Vietnamese High School pupils This refers to the kinds of people that candidate is expected to be able to speak to (For example, native speakers of the same age and ... Speaking test and some applications to Vietnamese High School pupils interview to a close, because it is no use to subject them to a longer ordeal On the other hand, the test intents to see what ... response to a candidate's performance However, the tests nevertheless have some patterns to follow 2.3.1.3 Tasks and Topics Should Be Suitable These tasks and topics would be expected to cause...

Ngày tải lên: 20/12/2013, 18:33

... computes an update to the weight vector based on the current example The resulting weight vector tends to be overfit to the last few examples; one way to reduce overfitting is to use the average ... label, and for an incorrect link Since the history-based feature set used in the parsing algorithm makes it impossible to use independence to factorize the scoring function, an exact search to find ... and OPA There has been some work on machine learning methods where this parameter is tuned automatically (Tipping, 2001), and a possible extension to our work could be to adapt those models to...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... related to how and why, so as to enhance Webbased natural language understanding Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank NOVA, Inc for their support with the Nova dictionary and Katunobu Itou ... choice can be performed to improve the coverage to 100% Thus, for each knowledge resource we compared cases without/with random choice, which are denoted “w/o Random” and “w/ Random” in Table 1, respectively ... question and four possible answers correspond to query and document collection, respectively We used a probabilistic method (Robertson and Walker, 1994), which is one of the major IR methods To sum...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 18:20

... value has lead to rapid technology transfer of speech recognition into other research areas and applications Since the variations in speaking style and accent as well as in channel and environment ... between July 1992 • and May 1996, and comprised roughly 500k sentences and 22M words To calculate word ngram language models, we segmented the broadcast-news manuscripts into words by using a ... identification, and a noisy part, and were separately evaluated name extaction, topic c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and The clean part consisted of utterances with no information retrieval background noise, and...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 18:20

... oxidative pentose phosphate pathway had to be reversed to maintain the target fluxes Then, the NADPH needed to drive the reactions of the oxidative pathway into a backwards direction and to form hexose ... enzymes, metabolites) can be used to build up mathematical models of the gene-regulatory, signal-transducing and metabolic networks of a cell and to integrate them into whole-cell Ôin silicoÕ models ... defence against toxic compounds and repair of molecular damage, are ultimately linked to metabolic processes Metabolic processes can be grossly subdivided into chemical reactions and membrane transport...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 15:20

... engineering and is not in general amenable to latent variable problems A simpler alternative to this two step approach is to use a generative model of synchronous derivation and simultaneously segment and ... of rule c → e, and K is the total number of ways to rewrite c, we now take into account our DP(αc , P0 (· | c)) prior in (1), which, when truncated to a finite grammar, reduces to a K-dimensional ... sampling procedure is prone to local modes In order to counteract this and to improve mixing we used simulated annealing The probability mass function (5-7) was raised to the power 1/T with T dropping...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... which limits Kanji candidates, is carried out in the course of the segmentation and its evaluation by the cost 3.1 Prototype System A We first developed a prototype Kana -to- Kanji conversion system ... conceptual words (131,66 I) 3.2 System B, C and D , hitoh.a/kigqkikunikositagotol, taarimasen (there is nothing like being watchful) hitohdv'Mga/Idkimi/ko3itcv;kotoha/arimasen In the above examples, ... (b-cost) of a segmentation candidate By this, the collocation tends to have priority over the ordinary word The standard and initial value of each segment cost is 2, and it is increased by for...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 05:21

... Kohno, takes a critical attitude toward China, and asks France to understand Japan's position d6: The prime minister of New Zealand asks the French Government not to restart nuclear testing dT: ... reference to its source document, an identifying id, genus and differentia words, and other information on the article The tag < f o l l o w s > is used to denote arcs from the article to related ... solution to the problem of information overloading In such a service, gatherer collects articles from Web sites and threader makes threads for them The results are stored in XML, and then pushed to...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 06:20

... type to the least upper bound, and point the other's type representation to it, and (3) recurse on respective pairs of feature values The frame does not need to be resized, only the types need to ... ¡ '   is undefined, and F ¡ 5¦   D , G !  iff H   ¡ , E £ ¡ #! $" ! ¡ ¥ to mean We use the notation to mean is defined join homomorphism for all and , , where they exist and S£ disjointness ... when it comes to unification, due to appropriateness Nevertheless, unbounded subtyping chains and acquiring new features conspire to force most internal representations of TFSs to perform extra...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 07:20

... researchers, e.g (Zanzotto and Moschitti, 2006) have utilized a tree kernel method to calculate the similarity between T and H, and (Wang and Neumann, 2007) chose subsequence kernel to reduce the computational ... total of 25 pairs We classify the errors into three main categories: rule application errors, inference rule errors, and other errors (Table 7) In the first category, the tree skeleton fails to ... discovery and data mining, pages 323–328, New York, NY, USA ACM We thank Dekang Lin and Patrick Pantel for providing the DIRT collection and to Grzegorz Chrupała, Alexander Koller, Manfred Pinkal and...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 21:20

... Japanese and the morphological analyzer has to segment the sentence into words as well as to decide the POS tag of the words So in this section, we describe how to apply revision learning to Japanese ... combines a stochastic model and a binary classifier to achieve higher performance with lower computational cost We applied it to English POS tagging and Japanese morphological analysis, and showed ... i := to l − begin Call the stochastic model to obtain the ordered indexes {n0 , , nk−1 } such that P (cn0 |xi ) ≥ · · · ≥ P (cnk−1 |xi ) for j := to k − begin if cnj = yi then Add xi to the...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 08:20

... bivector rotates vectors in its own plane by 90 , but forms trivectors (volumes) with vectors perpendicular to it The trivector 1^ 2^ commutes with all vectors, and hence with all multivectors ... unit vector a into another unit vector b, leaving all vectors perpendicular to a and b unchanged This is accomplished by a re ection perpendicular to the unit vector half-way between a and b (see ... given help and support over the last three years and I am grateful to them all I owe a great debt to my supervisor, Nick Manton, for allowing me the freedom to pursue my own interests, and to my two...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 14:29

... from right to left in the CSJ, and their direction was changed to that from left to right in our experiments In this paper, therefore, all the dependency relationships were assumed to go in the ... boundaries automatically detected) Without boundaries of quotations and inserted clauses With boundaries of quotations and inserted clauses (automatically detected) With boundaries of quotations and inserted ... text summarization References Taku Kudo and Yuji Matsumoto 2001 Chunking with support vector machines In Proceedings of the NAACL Sadao Kurohashi and Makoto Nagao 1997 Building a Japanese Parsed...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 18:20

... when the company has to pay overtime Recent Advances on Meta-Heuristics and Their Application to Real Scenarios nal The objectives to minimize the total production time” and to minimize the internal ... Relinking to Solve the Problem of Selecting Efficient Work Teams 25 Fernando Sandoya and Ricardo Aceves Chapter Meta-Heuristic Optimization Techniques and Its Applications in Robotics 53 Alejandra ... Advances on Meta-Heuristics and Their Application to Real Scenarios http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3434 Edited by Javier Del Ser Contributors Fernando Francisco Sandoya, Dalessandro Vianna, Igor Carlos...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 21:20

... from ti and is estimated by using Good-Turing estimation (Gale and Samson, 1995) If the word, w i is an unknown word, ki is set to and the first term is ignored ei represents suffix of wi and we ... Various Models man readable and we are planning to develop editing tools for self-organizing Markov models that help experts to put human knowledge about language into the models By adopting χ2 ... prepositions (P) and verbs (V) The dollar sign ($) represents sentence initialization On the left hand side is the graph representation of the Markov model and on the right hand side is the decision...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 03:20

... s is begun from left to r i g h t Thus, after a verb has been seen, i t m a k e s progress to analyze a CLAUSE by r e f e r r i n g to the case f r a m e corresponding to the verb, as each slot ... obligatory prepositional phrase name if the verb is intransitive Furthermore, the control moves to the next case slot to fill i t , i f the case frame has more slots, all of which are obligatory ... subject: so that each is treated according to the procedure to decide the role of the antecedent and the omitting grammatical relation Therefore, it is necessary to introduce one "context" representing...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 17:20

... CB644-Petlyuk-v1 June 15, 2004 Distillation Theory and Its Application to Optimal Design of Separation Units Distillation Theory and Its Application to Optimal Design of Separation Units presents ... approved of my working on the book and favored it I am grateful to Valeriy Kiva, Sigourd Skogestad, Arthur Westerberg, and Nikolay Kulov I am grateful to Andry Kalinenko and Vyacheslav Kiyevskiy, chiefs ... components and 2; and respectively boundary elements of concentration simplex binary azeotropes of components and 2; and respectively ternary azeotropes of components 1, 2, and 3; 1, 2, and ...

Ngày tải lên: 01/04/2014, 11:27

Ngày tải lên: 28/04/2014, 09:53