fuel effects on engine combustion and emissions
Cd toxicity effects on growth, mineral and chlorophyll contents and activities of stress related enzymes
... effects of Cd on the concentrations of P and Mn in maize are given in Figures 7a, b, respectively. With increasing Cd accumulation, Mn contents were lower in both leaves and roots, while P contents ... cultivated in a modified Hoagland nu- trient solution with Cd concentration ranging from 0.001 to 25 µM: mean and standard deviation values across treatment for element concentrations showing no significant ... root cells. Conclusions The variations on growth and mineral contents of Cd-contaminated maize seedlings are not a sensitive parameter to evaluate the consequences of Cd uptake. Changes on morphological...
Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 23:22
Effects of water emulsified B5-diesel and biogas on the combustion and emissions of rcci engine at low load
... the effects of water in biodiesel emulsions (WiBE) and biogas on the reactivity-controlled compression ignition combustion for improved performance and reduced emissions 13% WiBE, 15% WiBE and ... (b) burning duration and (c) dynamism of the fuel fraction burned and combustion phase for the RCCI combustion of WiBE/biogas 3.2 Effects of Water Emulsification on the Emission Characteristics ... Paz, and S L Kokjohn, A comparison of Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) and Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) strategies at high load, low speed conditions, Energy Conversion and...
Ngày tải lên: 03/06/2020, 22:40
modern electric hybrid electric and fuel cell vehicles
... material covered in the first edition, a constrained engine on and off control strategy, fuzzy logic control strategy, and the concept of control optimization based on dynamic programming have been ... Transactions on Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, and IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 1 Environmental Impact and History of Modern Transportation The development ... hydrocarbon (HC) fuels to derive the energy necessary for their propulsion Combustion is a reaction between the fuel and the air that releases heat and combustion products The heat is converted...
Ngày tải lên: 06/05/2014, 11:35
Novel design of a compacted micro-structured air-breathing PEM fuel cell as a power source for mobile phones
... diffusion and convection Multiple species are considered in the gas phase only, and the species conservation equation in multicomponent, multi-phase flow can be written in the following expression ... in concentration along the cell width of the electrode is the result of oxygen consumption along the diffusion pathway Although the reduction in oxygen concentration is significant, the fuel ... diffusion layer (GDL) O'Hayre et al [2] developed a one-dimensional, non-isothermal model that capture the coupling between water generation, oxygen consumption, self-heating and natural convection...
Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58
Novel design of a disk-shaped compacted micro-structured air-breathing PEM fuel cell
... diffusion and convection Multiple species are considered in the gas phase only, and the species conservation equation in multicomponent, multi-phase flow can be written in the following expression ... air-breathing PEM fuel cell 2.2 Model equations 2.2.1 Air and fuel gas flow In natural convection region, the transport equations solved in the ambient air include continuity, momentum, energy and mass ... diffusion layer (GDL) O'Hayre et al [2] developed a one-dimensional, non-isothermal model that capture the coupling between water generation, oxygen consumption, self-heating and natural convection...
Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58
Design and development of major balance of plant components in solid oxide fuel cell system
... dependent not only on the design and operating conditions of the fuel cell stack, but also on the design and operating conditions of the BOP components (e.g., the afterburner, reformer and heat exchanger) ... Foulker F R., Fuel Cell Handbook, Van Norstand Reinhold, New York, 1989 [2] Stanley W A., Direct Energy Conversion, Allyn and Bacon, Inc., Boston, 1982 [3] Larminie J., A Dicks, Fuel Cell Systems ... International Journal of Energy and Environment (IJEE), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp.73-84 Fontell et al [7] conducted a conceptual study of a planar SOFC system for CHP applications and showed...
Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 16:10
Optimal Design of a Hybrid Electric Car with Solar Cells pptx
... solution for solar cars is the location of panels on roof and bonnet, at almost horizontal position Nevertheless, a general model could consider at least two additional options: (i) horizontal ... sized for a mean load power and works at constant load with reduced pollutant emissions, high reliability and long working life On the other hand, in this configuration the energy flows through ... flows, propulsion system component sizing, vehicle dimension, performance, weight and costs, whose connections are much more critical than in conventional and also in hybrid cars A study on energy...
Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 10:20
Modern electric, Hybird Electric and Fuel cell Vehicles pot
... material covered in the first edition, a constrained engine on and off control strategy, fuzzy logic control strategy, and the concept of control optimization based on dynamic programming have been ... Transactions on Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, and IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 1 Environmental Impact and History of Modern Transportation The development ... hydrocarbon (HC) fuels to derive the energy necessary for their propulsion Combustion is a reaction between the fuel and the air that releases heat and combustion products The heat is converted...
Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 01:21
Fuel Cell/Gas Turbine Hybrid potx
... design considerations include the following: (1) Convert most of the fuel by electrochemical oxidation in the fuel cell leading to low emissions of criteria pollutants and relatively high fuel- to-electricity ... prototype demonstrations, initial commercial systems, and thermodynamic and dynamic simulations to exhibit ultra-high fuel- to-electricity conversion efficiency and ultra-low emission characteristics ... solid oxide fuel cell See also: Applications – Stationary: Fuel Cells; Residential Energy Supply: Fuel Cells; Applications – Transportation: Buses: Fuel Cells; Ships: Fuel Cells; Fuel Cells –...
Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 02:20
Modern Electric , Hybrid Electric and rule cell vehicles P1 pps
... material covered in the first edition, a constrained engine on and off control strategy, fuzzy logic control strategy, and the concept of control optimization based on dynamic programming have been ... Transactions on Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, and IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 1 Environmental Impact and History of Modern Transportation The development ... hydrocarbon (HC) fuels to derive the energy necessary for their propulsion Combustion is a reaction between the fuel and the air that releases heat and combustion products The heat is converted...
Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 07:20
Modern Electric , Hybrid Electric and rule cell vehicles P2 doc
... Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles References C R Ferguson and A T Kirkpatrick, Internal Combustion Engines—Applied ThermoSciences, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001 U.S Environmental ... electronics, modern electric motor, and battery technologies The 1980s witnessed a reduction in conventional IC engine- powered vehicle sizes, the introduction of catalytic converters, and the ... in the first 20 years and fuel cell powered in the second 20 years Cumulative oil consumption is more meaningful because it involves annual consumption and the time effect, and is directly associated...
Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 07:20
Analysis of transport phenomena and electrochemical reactions in a micro PEM fuel cell with nature inspired flow field design
... diffusion and convection Multiple species are considered in the gas phase only, and the species conservation equation in multicomponent, multi-phase flow can be written in the following expression ... Navier-Stokes equations, i.e the continuity equation, the mass conservation equation for each phase yields the volume fraction (r ) and along with the momentum equations the pressure distribution inside ... processes under realistic conditions is essential to the development and optimization of fuel cells, the introduction of cheaper materials and fabrication techniques, and the design and development of...
Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 10:17
Pem fuel cell stack modeling and design of DC DC converter for fuel cell energy system
... Comparison between ICFFB and CFFB converters 126 8.1 8.2 Converter parameter definition 142 Converter specification 163 Chapter Introduction Fuel ... Converter Parameter Definition Converter specification 83 87 7.1 7.2 7.3 Converter parameter definition 107 Converter specification ... Determination of ∆Rh Dynamic response of the fuel cell stack model to short period of load insertion and extraction Dynamic response of the fuel cell...
Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 14:09
A CFD study of hygro-thermal stresses distribution in tubular-shaped ambient air-breathing PEM micro fuel cell during regular cell operation
... diffusion and convection Multiple species are considered in the gas phase only, and the species conservation equation in multicomponent, multi-phase flow can be written in the following expression ... the mass conservation equation for each phase yields the volume fraction (r ) and along with the momentum equations the pressure distribution inside the channel The continuity equation for the ... micro fuel cell, and (b) threedimensional computational domain ISSN 2076-2895 (Print), ISSN 2076-2909 (Online) ©2010 International Energy & Environment Foundation All rights reserved International...
Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58
Modeling optimizes PEM fuel cell durability using threedimensional multi-phase computational fluid dynamics model
... diffusion and convection Multiple species are considered in the gas phase only, and the species conservation equation in multicomponent, multi-phase flow can be written in the following expression ... creation or even material degradation during fuel cell operation was considered as the extreme form of non-uniformity in this constraint configuration Their results showed that the hydration have ... in temperature and humidification Expansion/contraction mechanical response of the constrained membrane as a result of change in hydration and temperature was also studied in non-uniform geometry...
Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58
Mechanical behaviour of PEM fuel cell catalyst layers during regular cell operation
... high proton conductivity, good electronic insulation, good separation of fuel in the anode side from oxygen in the cathode side, high chemical and thermal stability, and low production cost One type ... operating conditions, such as flooding and drying, at least locally [12] An operating fuel cell has varying local conditions of temperature, humidity, and power generation (and thereby heat generation) ... operate fuel cells Because of the gas consumption along the feeding channels and water production at the cathode, internal cell humidification is highly inhomogeneous Consequently, operating fuel...
Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58
A CFD analysis on the effect of ambient conditions on the hygro-thermal stresses distribution in a planar ambient airbreathing PEM fuel cell
... diffusion and convection Multiple species are considered in the gas phase only, and the species conservation equation in multicomponent, multi-phase flow can be written in the following expression ... Navier-Stokes equations, i.e the continuity equation, the mass conservation equation for each phase yields the volume fraction (r ) and along with the momentum equations the pressure distribution inside ... and electrical contact between the central parts of the gas diffusion backing and Membrane-Electrode-Assembly (MEA) 2.2 Model equations 2.2.1 Air and fuel gas flow In natural convection region,...
Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58
Prediction of deformation and hygro-thermal stresses distribution in PEM fuel cell vehicle using threedimensional CFD model
... diffusion and convection Multiple species are considered in the gas phase only, and the species conservation equation in multicomponent, multi-phase flow can be written in the following expression ... Three-dimensional computational domain ISSN 2076-2895 (Print), ISSN 2076-2909 (Online) ©2012 International Energy & Environment Foundation All rights reserved International Journal of Energy and Environment ... diffusion layers and membrane materials with nonuniform temperature distributions in the cell during operation, hygro-thermal stresses and deformation are introduced The non-uniform distribution...
Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58
A CFD analysis of transport phenomena and electrochemical reactions in a tubular-shaped PEM fuel cell
... diffusion and convection Multiple species are considered in the gas phase only, and the species conservation equation in multicomponent, multi-phase flow can be written in the following expression ... the performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell A three-dimensional model that accounts for activation polarization, ohmic polarization and concentration polarization is developed to achieve ... to the development and optimization of fuel cells, improve long-term performance and lifetime, the introduction of cheaper materials and fabrication techniques, and the design and development of...
Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58
Performance optimization of a PEM hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell
... practically all fuel cell components: ionic resistance in the membrane, ionic and electronic resistance in the electrodes, and electronic resistance in the gas diffusion backings, bipolar plates and terminal ... description J Power Sources 2003;113(1):131-144 [17] M R von Spakovsky, and B Olsommer, Fuel cell systems and system modeling and analysis perspectives for fuel cell development Energy Conversion and ... 2076-2909 (Online) ©2013 International Energy & Environment Foundation All rights reserved International Journal of Energy and Environment (IJEE), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp.175-184 183 Conclusion...
Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58