Ngày tải lên :
01/11/2013, 10:20
... since they are
inclined to consider human society globally, taking into account North-South
Four human rights schools 243
I have already mentioned that Michael Ignatieff, a historian by training ... 2Ithasbeenremarkedtomethatitmighthavebeenpreferableformetoclassifyideas
ratherthanpeople(whoseideaschange).Tosomeextent,thisistrue.However,
revisingmytextsothatitreferstoideasratherthanscholarsmightmakemy
classificationlessdirectlyperceptible.Totakemyownexperience,theschools
certainlyemergedinmymindasIwastryingtomakesenseofmydisagreements
withcolleaguesIdeeplyrespect,andcanquoteonmanythings,althoughIhavelong
sensedthatwearenotexactlyonthesamewavelength.Thisbeingsaid,Iacceptthat
mostofuswillbeattractedby,andexpress,avarietyofideaswhichdefythe
classificationproposedinthischapter.
3Onthesignificanceofthisinterest,seeDallasM.High,Language,PersonsandBelief:
StudiesinWittgenstein’sPhilosophicalInvestigationsandReligiousUsesofLanguage
(NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1967),Chapter1(‘Introduction:“TheSickness
ofLanguage”’).
4ThusWittgensteinarguedagainstthe‘cravingforgenerality’:LudwigWittgenstein,
BlueBook(Blackwell,Oxford,1978),at17–19.
5LudwigWittgenstein,PhilosophicalInvestigations,transl.byG.E.M.Anscombe
(Oxford:BasilBlackwell,1958),at31,para.65,emphasisintheoriginal.
6Ibid.,at32,para.67.
7J.F.M.Hunter,UnderstandingWittgenstein:StudiesofPhilosophicalInvestigations
(Edinburgh:EdinburghUniversityPress,1985),atvii.
8High,Language,at93,emphasisintheoriginal,notesomitted.
9CharlesTravis,TheUsesofSense:Wittgenstein’sPhilosophyofLanguage(Oxford:
ClarendonPress,1989),at190.
10AsWilliamTwiningremarkedtome,thisinturnpresupposesaconceptofrights.An
inspiringstartingpointforsuchanexplorationmustbeWesleyHohfeld’sfour-fold
classificationofrightasprivilege,claim,powerandimmunity:WesleyN.Hohfeld,
FundamentalLegalConceptionsasAppliedinJudicialReasoning(NewHaven:Yale
UniversityPress,1919).Ihaveyettothinkabouttheimplicationsofthisobservation.
11JackDonnelly,UniversalHumanRightsinTheoryandPractice(1stedn,Ithaca:
CornellUniversityPress,1989),at1.Asecondeditionappearedin2003which
accommodatesandrespondstocritics.Althoughitpaysfarmoreattentiontopraxis
andstruggles,itdoesnotdisplayafundamentallydifferentapproachonhuman
rights.Inparticularitopenswiththesamedefinition:JackDonnelly,Universal
HumanRightsinTheoryandPractice(2ndedn,Ithaca:CornellUniversityPress,
2003),at7.
12Ibid.
13 ... of human
rights on an imaginary plane: not really fighting for them but invoking them in
empty, ineffective declarations.
30
The more protected we are, the less we know
Four human rights schools...