flow and error control techniques in computer networks pdf

... delivered data is in order, without error and without any segment lost or duplicated. Reliability in TCP is obtained by using error control mechanisms, which may include techniques for detecting corrupted, ... or duplicated segments. Error control in TCP is achieved by using a version of the Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) error control protocols operating at DLL and it involves both error detection and retransmission ... packet transmitted in mini-cycle i is received in mini-cycle (i+1) and increases cwnd by one MSS. Further- more, ACKs for consecutive packets released in mini-cycle i arrive in intervals corresponding the service...

Ngày tải lên: 26/10/2013, 17:15

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 22:20

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 16:11

... was detected in liver and lung indicating that the amount of p53 protein was significantly increased in the liver and lung from vitamin A-deficient rats that in controls. c-Jun protein was significantly ... RAR expression was similar in control, vitamin A-deficiency and hypervitaminosis (Fig. 5) rats. An antibody against a protein unrelated to vitamin A was used as a mock control and binding was not observed ... of c-jun , p53 and p21 WAF1/CIF1 in liver and lung of control, chronic vitamin A-deficiency and hypervitaminosis rats Based on the results found in the differential display study and taking into account...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 08:20

... metho- dology by incorporating advanced techniques from software engineering, moving toward third-genera- tion systems by incorporating expert systems, and returning to interactive techniques for ... algebraic and less geometric in nature, and we prefer to use a speci- fication in terms of the kind of structures we are accustomed to manipulating. 2 - Grafting o n expert systems Seeing that linguistic ... to design such a system, and to propose an initial implementation. The expertise to be incorporated in this system includes linguistic, metalinguistic, and extralinguistic knowledge. The system...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 18:20

... (i) manufacturing (ii) power-generating (iii) mining and construction, and (iv) food processing industries (Mc Kinney and Schoch 2003). Manufacturing industries like chemical, oil refining, steel ... uranium mining and enrichment plants (Rao 2001). The mining and construction industries are major contributors of sediment and acid drainage. There are basically four main types of mining impacts ... used in processing and cleaning, packaging reduction and disposal, and food scraps and refuse (Mc Kinney and Schoch 2003). b. Agricultural Wastes These are generated by the cultivation of crops and...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 21:20

Ngày tải lên: 25/06/2014, 00:55

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 01:21

... (Fiber Optic Inter-Repeater Link) gọi là FOIRL Liên mạng (internetworking) Việc kết nối các LAN riêng lẻ thành một liên mạng chung được gọi là Internetworking. Internetworking sử dụng ba ... tin dùng trong mạng có độ dài từ 64 đến 1518 byte. Mạng TOKEN RING Ngoài Ethernet LAN một công nghệ LAN chủ yếu khác đang được dùng hiện nay là Token Ring . Nguyên tắc của mạng Token Ring ... chuẩn IEEE 802.5. Mạng Token Ring có thể chạy ở tốc độ 4Mbps hoặc 16Mbps. Phương pháp truy cập dùng trong mạng Token Ring gọi là Token passing . Token passing là phương pháp truy nhập xác...

Ngày tải lên: 21/12/2013, 21:15

... workers to maintain an internal locus of control; and providing mean- ingful visibility into the internal workings of automaon. Category F, “Enhancing informaon representa- on,” contains eleven ... architecture, clinical research, and nancial trading. These example domains show the 100 envisioning ideas in acon” in specic contexts. By including three domains instead of one, each envisioning ... “Exploring work mediaon and deter- mining scope,” contains nine ideas that can help product teams pursue useful understandings of knowledge work pracce. These understandings can inform insighul...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 07:20

... than using an effective rate our RR measure is based on a simple average of rates (in Brazil of demand and savings deposits; in Colombia of checking and saving accounts, CD and bonds, and in Peru ... prior, during, and following the 2008–2009 financial crisis:  The surge in credit growth and overheating pressures driven by large capital inflows during 2006–08—ahead of the global financial ... has been split into average and marginal reserve requirements and main macroprudential measures. 3 I. INTRODUCTION Emerging market economies (EMEs), including those of Latin America, have...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 04:21

... William Stallings Data and Computer Communications Chapter 12 Congestion in Data Networks Allocating VCCs within VPC  All VCCs within VPC should experience similar network ... performance  Options for allocation:  Aggregate peak demand  Statistical multiplexing Frame Relay Congestion Control  Minimize discards  Miantain agreed QoS  Minimize probability of one end user monoply  Simple ... critical  Finite queues mean data may be lost Interaction of Queues Operation of CIR Configuration of VCCs and VPCs Rate Control Feedback  EFCI (Explicit forward congestion indication) marking  Relative...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 09:21

... amino acids lysine, arginine and ornithine at the basolateral membrane of the polar epithelial cells in the intestine and renal tubules. LPI is caused by mutations in the SLC7A7 gene encoding ... required, were incuba- ted for 1 min at 37 °C in a Dubnoff water bath under gentle shaking in the presence of 1 lCiÆmL )1 L -[2,3,4- 3 H]arginine, unlabelled L -arginine and L -leucine when required ... kinetic parameters of L -arginine in ux and efflux were calculated by Lineweaver–Burk plot. The L -arginine flux through system y + L was measured in N-ethylmaleimide-treated platelets and the L -arginine flux via...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 02:20

... described [31] and also CTE-I and MTE-I recombinant proteins (Fig. 1A, lanes 1 and 2). In another set of experiments we obtained an antibody using the purified recombinant CTE-I protein as described in Experimental ... Podesta ´ ,E.J.&Catt,K. (1977) Intermediate role of adenosine 3¢:5¢-cyclic monophosphate and protein kinase during gonadotropin-induced steroidogenesis in testicular interstitial cells. Proc. Natl ... 37 °C and under vigorous shaking, using 0.1 lg of the recombinant protein in a buffer containing 10 m M Hepes, 50 m M KCl, pH 7.4 and 15 l M of the substrate. Arachidonic acid released during the...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 09:20

... the third DPT and the measles vac- cinations. In six countries—one in Africa (Uganda), two in Latin America (Nicaragua and Peru) and three in Asia (Bangladesh, India and Indonesia)—infants born ... adolescents in at least one of the three younger subgroups. Of these cases, eight were in Asia (India and Indonesia), five in Latin America (Guatemala and Peru) and three in Africa (Uganda). Most ... (12% in Bolivia and Brazil). In Africa and Asia, most women lived in rural areas (71–91%). In Latin America, especially in Bolivia, Brazil and Peru, greater proportions of mothers lived in a...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 11:20

... within a FORMULA in the Actor relation with respect to the head contain’] contain( , ) CONTAINMENT(container , containee ) [’the Containment relation involves a predicate contain and its Actor and ... [A gilt] CAUSE , alle x, die in A sind sind nicht in B [As A applies, all x that are in A are not in B] Wenn [A ] COND , dann A B= [If A , then A B= ] Da gilt, [alle x, die in A sind sind nicht in B] RES Wenn ... sein [then all A and B have to be contained in C] Alle x, [die in B sind] GENREL . [All x that are in B ] alle elemente [aus A] PROP-FROM sind in enthalten [all elements from A are contained in ] Aus...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 06:20

... (serum-free) and then for 30 min in Buffer A (BA) containing the same reagents. Alternatively, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were stimulated for 30 min with 100 n M insulin (Ins) and ⁄ or 0.1 lM wortmannin (wort) in ... D5796) supplemented with 75 lgÆmL )1 penicillin, 50 lgÆmL )1 strep- tomycin and 10% (v ⁄ v) fetal bovine serum. RGM-1 cells were maintained in vitro at 37 °C (5% CO 2 ) in DMEM containing a low concentration (1000 ... the effects of DIF-1 and insulin on the translocation of GLUT1 and GLUT4 in 3T3- L1 adipocytes (Fig. 9B). As expected, insulin induced both GLUT1 and GLUT4 translocation from intracel- lular stores...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 09:20

... sites between the mucosa and underlying periosteum. More acceptable techniques in children are the intrapapillary and indirect palatal injections. Intrapapillary injection This provides suitable ... and tying a single knot in it. This is then passed backwards and forwards through the gingival embrasure, removing any excess cement (b). A rubber cup and pumice prophylaxis is useful to finally ... author can be held responsible for errors or for any consequences arising from the use of information contained herein. For detailed prescribing information or instructions on the use of any product...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 11:21

... working in the Asia Pacific rim for two years as a PMO Manager, and training PM’s in many European countries, I decided that understanding international socio-cultural issues encountered in business ... Ballow, whom I initially met in Asia. Her wisdom, coaching, and meaningful insights on the many differences between Western and Eastern business and cultural practices were, and remain till this ... a trivial chat with a friend of mine. Being a linguist by trade, Russian by origin and living in Finland, she is well aware of cross-cultural discrepancies and provided me with a curious example....

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 23:20

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 09:20