fet structures for ion and gas sensors

... sensors, biosensors and medical sensors Some of the major applications in the home include indoor air quality and natural gas detection Attention is now being paid to more demanding applications ... sensitivity for some applications and may not meet the requirements for a hand-held biosensor For homeland security applications, reliable detection of biological agents in the field and in real ... capability for fast responses The chemical sensor market represents the largest segment for sales of sensors, including chemical detection in gases and liquids, flue gas and fire detection, liquid...

Ngày tải lên: 20/03/2014, 13:06

... stations (GT, UT and AT) • Construction aspects and main components • Insulation and cooling TRANSFORMER TYPES [5.1.3] • Dry type transformers and applications • Ratings and specifications TRANSFORMER ... Instrumentation Standards in Oil and Gas, and Best Practice in Process, Electrical and Instrumentation Drawings and Documentation 15 Process Control 16 Calibration, Installation and Maintenance ... shutdown systems and their certification, shutdown and blowdown valves, SIS standards, fire and gas detection and protection systems and devices along with combined safety systems In addition you will...

Ngày tải lên: 28/05/2014, 14:19

... structure for gas sensors In the last part of the project we will more characterizations for the films and try to improve the sensitivity and selectivity using different catalyst materials and film structures ... Traditionally, semiconductor gas sensors, and in particular gas sensors using SnO2 as a sensing material, are based on polycrystalline thin or thick films Sensing mechanisms of these types of sensors ... research consortium is to develop and utilize new materials and structures to fabricate semiconductor gas sensors showing enhanced stability and reduced power consumption They can be realized by using...

Ngày tải lên: 20/03/2014, 13:05

... errors and other random variations in evaluation conditions One direct consequence is that in previous TREC evaluations, the median score for many questions turned out to be zero A binary distinction ... several large-scale evaluations of complex questions: definition questions in TREC 2003, “Other” questions in TREC 2004–2006, “relationship” questions in TREC 2005, and the complex, interactive ... denominator in a precision calculation (Voorhees, 2003) Thus, a penalty for verbosity serves as a surrogate for precision 2.2 The Pyramid Extension The vital/okay distinction has been identified...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... reduce national dependence on oil and gas and to discuss the drivers and motivators for action in this regard THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS FOR IRELAND OF HIGH OIL AND GAS PRICES 17 Options and actions to ... the demand for Irish exports and therefore domestic output Additionally Ireland’s dependency on imported oil and gas for the operation of the economy and society is particularly high and this ... ECONOMIC IMPACTS FOR IRELAND OF HIGH OIL AND GAS PRICES 15 Ireland‘s dependence on Oil and Gas future dominance of oil and gas in Ireland’s imported fuel mix Ireland is part of a handful of EU 27...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 06:20

... adopt different PPI annotation formats For a comparative evaluation Pyysalo et al (2008) put all of them in a common format which has become the standard evaluation format for the PPI task In our ... Katrenko, and Peter M.A Sloot 2010 A hybrid approach to extract proteinprotein interactions Bioinformatics Razvan Bunescu and Raymond J Mooney 2006 Subsequence kernels for relation extraction In ... Ramani, and Yuk Wah Wong 2005 Comparative experiments on learning information extractors for proteins and their interactions Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 33(2):139–155 Eugene Charniak and...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 21:20

... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Pulp and Paper Mills, which was developed by the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI) for the International Council of Forest and Paper Associations ... estimating GHG emissions for the pulp and paper industry Notably, EPA’s GHG MRR (40 CFR part 98) contains equations and emission factors for stationary combustion (Subpart C), pulp and paper manufacturing ... check for damage due to torque or vibration; for gas turbines, inspection of the combustion path for fuel nozzle cleanliness and wear, along with the integrity of other hot gas path components; for...

Ngày tải lên: 18/03/2014, 02:20

... [19] Since ionic radii for Al and Ti are close to each other (0.074 nm for Ti4+ and 0.0675 nm for Al3+ ) [20], Al can occupy a regular cation position, forming a substitutional solid solution To ... densification at 800 ◦ C for h in a muffle furnace Thick film samples were tested in a tube furnace at 600 ◦ C as a function of CO and O2 concentration in background gas of 10 vol% O2 and 90 vol% ... influence of calcination 116 Y.J Choi et al / Sensors and Actuators B 124 (2007) 111–117 temperature and dopant concentration Calcination temperature will influence crystallization of these powders,...

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2014, 16:47

... catalysts and gas sensors [4] Amorphous and polycrystalline WO3 ®lms are particularly attractive as gas sensors because they show a high catalytic behavior both in oxidation and reduction reactions ... amorphous form, whereas electrical devices such as gas sensors, are in a crystalline form [6] Tungsten also forms other oxides such as WO, W2O3, and W4O3, however, in gas sensing the stable WO3 form ... evaporation and r.f sputtering techniques, Sens Actuators B 64 (2000) 182±188 [16] Capteur Sensors and Analysers Ltd., Capteur Sensors Gas Sensor Air Quality SolutionsÐHelping to Make the Air Safer and...

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2014, 16:47

... enhancing the gas sensing characteristics For gas sensor applications, thin and ed permeable shell layers are advantageous for complete electron depletion and effective gas diffusion, respectively ... semiconductors as gas sensors M Mesoporous oxide structures with well-aligned pore structures [32-34] are another attractive platform for gas sensing reactions [35-37] The mesoporous structures have ... hollow oxide nanostructures In this paper, synthetic routes and gas sensing characteristics of various hierarchical and hollow oxide nanostructures for cr application as gas sensors were reviewed...

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2014, 16:48

... oxide structures for enhancing the gas sensing characteristics For gas sensor applications, thin and permeable shell layers are advantageous for complete electron depletion and effective gas diffusion, ... focus on gas sensors using hierarchical and hollow oxide nanostructures In this paper, synthetic routes and gas sensing characteristics of various hierarchical and hollow oxide nanostructures for ... flower structures shown in Fig are treated in the section of hollow nanostructures Strategy to prepare hollow structures for gas sensors Hollow oxide structures have a variety of applications in...

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2014, 16:48

... measured: 100, 200 and 500 ppb for NO2 ; and 1, 10 and 50 ppm for CO The sensors were placed inside an airtight 5.3 dm3 measurement chamber and the desired concentrations of the gases were introduced ... chamber for h, while the sensors were heated at 150 ◦ C to speed up gas desorption Finally, the airflow was interrupted and all sensors fully recovered their baseline resistance in less than h For ... previously published for WO3 and MWCNT hybrid sensors [9] In [9] a responsiveness of 0.02 towards 500 ppb of NO2 was reported for 1/100 wt.% MWCNT/WO3 sensors and 1/1000 wt.% MWCNT/WO3 sensors were irresponsive...

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2014, 16:48

... the employed film gas sensors and Žb the measurement circuit 73 ŽSEM and an H-7100 transmission electron microscope ŽTEM Source NO x gas was obtained by mixing NO gas and NO gas with the volume ... ambient gas conditions The sensitivity scale is shown in left and right axes for NO x gas and other gases, respectively Sensors fabricated with binders show better selectivity to NO x gas sensing ... to the adsorption of oxidizing NO x gas, i.e., the anionic adsorption of NO x molecules, Fig Variation of resistance as the sample temperature is varied in normal air condition and in the ambience...

Ngày tải lên: 20/03/2014, 13:04

... Calibration curves for ethanol concentrations between and 50 ppm, and for H2 S concentrations between 20 ppb and ppm, were obtained, and the possibility to detect levels as low as a few hundred ppb for ... ethanol and H2 S measurements was performed by PCA and DFA DWT was found to outperform FFT for the extraction of information from the response of the thermally modulated gas sensor, and it was ... temperature-modulated gas sensors is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) [22–25] Fourier’s representation of functions as a superposition of sines and cosines has become ubiquitous for the analysis and treatment...

Ngày tải lên: 20/03/2014, 13:04

... SEM and TEM observations for the same result As the duration of the modification increases, the gas adsorption property enhances Unfortunately, the gas volume adsorption drops dramatically for ... the adsorption isotherms of N2 on the MWCNTs were measured for all the samples Fig Adsorption and desorption isotherms of N2 on modified MWCNTs at −261.17 °C; the saturation pressure p0 for N2 is ... were treated for and 20 s, the amorphous carbon domains are eliminated, and the tubes become smoother and cleaner as shown in Fig.1(b) and (c) After 60 and 90 s, as seen in Fig.1(e) and (f), the...

Ngày tải lên: 20/03/2014, 13:06

... coordinate bond formation, formation of hydrogen bonds, and Van der Waals type ion- dipole and dipole-dipole interactions, depending on the nature and charge of the ions, forming a hydration sheath ... suitable for separation by ionexchange and ion- exclusion chromatographies, and the effect of different factors on their performance 5 ION- EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY 1.3 ION- EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY Ion- exchange ... mechanisms of separation—(a) ion exchange due to competitive ionic binding (attraction), and (b) ion exclusion due to repulsion between similarly charged analyte ions and the ions derivatized on...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 09:20

... (b) normalized water saturation for smooth and rough fractures .89 4.15 Reciprocal of average gas channel tortuosity versus gas saturation for smooth and rough fractures ... Juanes, Roland Horne, and the chair of my examination committee, Jerry Harris, all made significant contributions to this work Their continuous and constructive critiques and suggestions have ... used for air-water experiments We compared the flow behavior and relative permeability differences between two-phase flow with and without phase transformation effects and between smooth-walled and...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 15:20

... recursive denition: If the productions at and are different If the productions at and are the same, and and are pre-terminals, then Else if the productions at and are the same and and are not pre-terminals, ... M., and Duffy, N (2001) Convolution Kernels for Natural Language In Proceedings of Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 14) Collins, M (2002a) Ranking Algorithms for NamedEntity Extraction: ... the tree , thus encoding the sufcient statistics for the SCFG Given a representation, and two structures and , the inner product between the structures can be dened as To nd such a hyperplane...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 20:20

... oil and gas production and refining Recent estimates suggest that the repeal of Section 199 and modification of Dual Capacity will raise $18.3 billion and $10.8 billion in revenue from the oil and ... Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration to the Gulf Region, American Energy Alliance, Jul 2010 39 Joseph R Mason, “The Regional and National Economic Impact of Repealing the Section 199 Tax Deduction and Dual ... $73.0 billion $273.0 billion Employment 0.27 million 1.20 million Annual Wages $15.7 billion $70.0 billion Annual Federal Tax and Royalty Revenue $11.1 billion $69.0 billion Annual State and Local...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 07:20

... CONCERNINGHEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS NOR UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS INFORMATION CONCERNING SAFETY AND HEALTH RISKS AND PROPER PRECAUTIONS WITH RESPECTTO ... FACTORS SYMBOLS DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS R-1 APPENDIX SXALIBRATION AND PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION OF TRUE PEAK AND RMS MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS USED FOR TEST STAND ACCEPTANCE S- APPENDIX ... CHEMICAL, AND m GASINDUSTRY SERVICES 2-1 Table 2-7-Bearing Selection Arrangement and Type Bearing Condition Radialthrust speedlife and bearing and Rolling within limits for rolling element bearings and...

Ngày tải lên: 02/04/2014, 15:32