failure—a problem solving approach for intensive care unit physicians

... problem solving The last decade has produced problem solving techniques which use domain-specific knowledge to guide the problem solving process Problem solving knowledge is ... features can be interpreted as problem solving rules and put at the disposal of the problem solver Again it must be stressed that a system involves choice From a problem solving point of view choices ... is Flnltel' is The problem solver is forming a chain of inferences which leads toward the solution This is called "forward chaining" a surface applied " I Permanently If a problem solver has...

Ngày tải lên: 18/03/2014, 02:20

... Ramsey–Boiteux conditions, solving for the same optimum tax structure ˆ The intuition for the above condition is the following: kji < means that profits of good j fall as qi increases, calling for an increase ... uniform distribution in the population over [0, 1] Assume further that the unit costs of X1 and X2 when purchased by a type α individual are c1 (α) = α and c2 (α) = − α, respectively The unit ... constraint (14.2) The first-order condition for an interior solution equates marginal utilities and costs for all individuals of the same type That is, for each α, uih (xh ; α) − ci (α) = 0, i =...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 08:20

... (2001) compared mortality tables for annuitants to those for the general population for both males and females and found significantly higher expected lifetimes for the former In chapter 11 we shall ... r p (z) is the rate of return in the (pooled) annuity market for age-z individuals, M ≤ z ≤ T For any consumption path, the demand for annuities is, by (9.1), z (z) = exp z r p (x) dx M exp − ... widely debated (see, for example, Chiapori and Salanie (2000), though its presence is visible For example, from the data in Brown et al (2001), one can derive survival rates for males and females...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 08:20

... (z)r (z) dz = For our case it is equal to we−α M ci − e−αi (Ri −M) − e−α M αi αi + w−c α (8.30) − e−α M T e−αi (z−M) r (z) dz = 0, i = 1, M Multiplying (8.13) by p for i = and by − p for i = 2, ... probabilities (a form of short-sightedness) It may provide one explanation of the observed small demand for annuities by young cohorts (the average age of private annuity holders in the United States ... at z = M, approaching α as z → ∞ (figure 8.2) August 20, 2007 Time: 05:47pm chapter08.tex 66 • Chapter Figure 8.2 The rate of return on long-term annuities Consumption after age M for a risk-class-i...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 08:20

... Survival functions for the social security population in the United States for selected calendar years (1900, 1950, 2000, 2050, 2100) (Source: F Bell and M Miller, Life Tables for the United States ... information on each individual’s survival probabilities does not remain private information but becomes known to annuity issuers When this information is common knowledge, then the market for ... 6.91 66 34 11.31 The values chosen for ρ take into account that social security (SS) benefits provide (in the United States) a replacement ratio of 25–30 percent for the average participant, hence...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 08:20

... 104–5; information effects and, 3–4; insurance and, 81–83; motive for, 1n1; partial annuitization and, 33–34; period-certain annuities and, 87–89; pooling equilibrium and, 82; private information ... retirement system granting unit annuities and investing in equities Transaction of the Society of Actuaries 4(9): 317–344 Finkelstein, A., and J Poterba 2002 Selection effects in the United Kingdom individual ... in East Asia In Population Change and Economic Development in East Asia, A Mason (ed.) Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp 155–184 Levy, H 1998 Decision Making Under Uncertainty: Stochastic...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 08:20

... for solving the PDE problem The format of the framework generated depends upon the PDE -solving system selected by the user For each of these systems, certain forms of the equation are valid For ... development and problem solving environment for high performance computing machines In P W Gaffney and E N Houstis (Eds.) Programming Environments for High-Level Scientific Problem Solving, 229-241 ... PELLPACK supports both uniform and non-uniform grid generation for 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D domains For uniform grids, the number of grid lines in any direction can be specified Non-uniform grids are specified...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 04:20

... Lorentz force law, 314-316 Lorentz gauge, 665 Lorentz transformation, 417, 505 Lossy capacitor, 184-189 Laminations, 401-402, 470-471 Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 147 Langevin equation, 251 for ... Uman, M A., 195 Uniform plane waves, 529-530 Uniqueness, theorem, 258-259 of vector potential, 336-338 Unit: capacitance, 175 rationalized MKSA, 55-56 resistance, 171 SI, 55-56 Unit vectors, 3-5 ... 547 MKSA System of units, 55 Mobility, 156, 201, 293 Modulus of elasticity, 252 Momentum, angular, 350 Motors, 427-429 Mutual inductance, 398 Near radiation field, 671 Newton's force law, 155 Nondispersive...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... relations between coordinates and unit vectors for Cartesian, cylir drical, and spherical coordinate systems ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THEORY: a problem solving approach MARKUS W H N Massachusetts ... applications This book instills problem solving confidence by teaching through the use of a large number of worked examples To keep the subject exciting, many of these problems are based on physical ... developed simpler problems leading to the general integral and differential field laws Often the same problem is solved by different methods so that the advantages and limitations of each approach becomes...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THEORY: a problem solving approach _ chapter review of vector analysis Review of Vector Analysis Electromagnetic field theory is the study of forces between charged particles ... DipoleArray 9.4 LONG DIPOLEANTENNAS 9.4.1 FarFieldSolution 9.4.2 Uniform Current 9.4.3 RadiationResistance PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS INDEX xix 635 638 641 641 642 643 644 644 645 647 647 ... by unit vectors i., i, and i2 , each of which has a unit length and points in the direction along one of the coordinate axes Rectangular coordinates are often the simplest to use because the unit...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... product is zero for colinear vectors (0 = 0) so that the cross product between a vector and itself is zero and is maximum for perpendicular vectors (0 = ir/2) For rectangular unit vectors we ... orthogonal unit vectors at the same point is zero, while the dot Y A Figure 1-7 The dot product between two vectors 12 Review of Vector Analysis product between a unit vector and itself is unity ... relations between coordinates and unit vectors for the three coordinate systems considered Using this table, it is possible to convert coordinate positions and unit vectors from one system to another...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... distance dl As the differential distances approach zero length, the summation becomes a line integral and the result is exact dl, d1 2, , dN, the work performed is approximately W -F *dl +F 'dl ... of the gradient of a function around a closed path is zero EXAMPLE 1-5 LINE INTEGRAL For f=x 2y, verify (15) for the paths shown in Figure 1-12c between the origin and the point P at (xo, yo) SOLUTION ... and the surface area The flux then reduces to the form ( [Ax(x)-Ax(x -Ax)] + [A,(y +Ay)-A,(y)] Ax Ay + Ax Ay Az (3) We have written (3) in this form so that in the limit as the volume becomes infinitesimally...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... 1-17b The net contribution to the flux for the surface integral of (1) is zero for all interior surfaces Nonzero contributions to the flux are obtained only for those surfaces which bound the outer ... surface contributions to the flux using (1) cancel for all interior volumes, the flux obtained from (4) in terms of the divergence operation for Flux and Divergence n1 -n 27 Figure 1-17 Nonzero ... EXAMPLE 1-6 THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM Verify the divergence theorem for the vector A = xi +yi, +zi, = ri, by evaluating both sides of (12) for the rectangular volume shown in Figure 1-18 SOLUTION The...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... circular surface in the xy plane, (b) for the hemispherical surface bounded by the contour, and (c) for the cylindrical surface bounded by the contour SOLUTION For the contour shown dl= R i" so that ... while Stokes' theorem is true in general for an open surface Stokes' theorem for a closed surface requires the contour L to shrink to zero giving a zero result for the line integral The divergence ... the same contour L Stokes' theorem of (25) is satisfied for all these surfaces EXAMPLE 1-7 STOKES' THEOREM Verify Stokes' theorem of (25) for the circular bounding contour in the xy plane shown...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... between these two points? (b) What is the unit vector along the line joining the two points? (c) Find a unit vector in the xy plane perpendicular to the unit vector found in (b) Miscellaneous 26 ... of the ball The net force is attractive because the positive charge on the ball is farther away from the glass rod so that the repulsive force is less than the attractive force We often experience ... Coulomb's Law It remained for Charles Coulomb in 1785 to express these experimental observations in a quantitative form He used a very sensitive torsional balance to measure the force between I ...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... electrical forces often dominate physical phenomena The minus sign is used in (3) because the gravitational force between two masses is always attractive while for two like charges the electrical force ... vector force field due to q, A charge other than q2 would feel a different force from q2 proportional to its own magnitude and sign It becomes convenient to work with the quantity of force per unit ... (a) Uniformly distributed line charge on a circular hoop (b) Uniformly distributed surface charge on a circular disk (c) Uniformly distributed volume charge throughout a sphere (d) Nonuniform line...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... hoop (IzI > a), the field approaches that of a point charge: q lim Ez = ± t4rEoz *a I%1 Jz>0 z0 z

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... very careful to take the positive square root in evaluating the lower limit of the integral for r < R Evaluating (19) for r greater and less than R gives us (13), but with a lot more effort (b) ... r

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... then contributes to the external electric field for x D) The Method of Images with Line Chargesand Cylinders The force per unit length on the cylinder is then just due to the force on the image charge: A2 f 2•eo(D-b) 2-6-4 A2D 27.eo(D -R (14)...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20

... the plane (b) An applied uniform electric field causes a uniform surface charge distribution on the conducting plane Any injected charge must overcome the restoring force due to its image in order ... force given by (21) with a = x in opposition to the imposed field that tends to pull the charge away from the electrode The total force on the charge -q is then f =q qEo- 4rEo(2x)2 (22) The force ... zero at position x, =0 0x =[16 (23) For an electron (q = 1.6 X 10- 19 coulombs) in a field of Eo= 106 v/m, x,- 1.9X 10-8m For smaller values of x the net force is negative tending to pull the...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 02:20