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... Members / 7.36 FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS Floor-Framing Design Considerations / 7.39 Roof Framing Systems / 7.44 DESIGN OF MEMBERS Bases for ASD and LRFD / 7.44 Design Aids and References / 7.45 Serviceability ... been found, the owner purchases it and arranges for surveys and subsurface explorations to provide information for locating the building, access, foundation design and construction, and landscaping ... Familiarity with Roof Design / 12.17 Building Owners’ Responsibility / 12.18 Building- Code Provisions for Roofs / 12.18 Effects of Climate / 12.18 Effects of Roof Size, Shape, and Slope / 12.19...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 22:20

... Processing Plants Publ 251 OA Fire Protection Considerations for the Design and Operation of Liquefied Petrolellin Gas (LPG) Storage Facilities Specification for Fire Testfor Valves Spec 6FA Manual of ... CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS The materials, principles, methods, and details of design and construction of foundations and supports for LPG storage General The foundation and supports shall conform ... readily available for operator use 10.5 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS API STANDARD 2510 16 10.6 FIRE-FIGHTING FOAM Fire-fighting foam shall not be used to extinguish LPG fires 10.7 FIREPROOFING OF LPG VESSELS...

Ngày tải lên: 27/03/2014, 14:08

... and field operating activities having responsibility for the design and construction of earth and rock-fill dams FOR THE COMMANDER: WILLIAM D BROWN Colonel, Corps of Engineers Chief of Staff ... briefings, (4) Observation of field conditions that are significantly different from those assumed during design 4-2 (1) Excavation of cutoff trenches, foundations, and abutments for dams and ... of the type of embankment and final design of the embankment are based, to a large extent, upon experience and judgment c Features of design Major features of design are required foundation treatment,...

Ngày tải lên: 28/04/2014, 11:50

... therefore usually presented in terms of fr and ignore any slight influence that the mean stress might have Surprisingly, the choice of alloy has little effect on fatigue performance of members and ... anticipated life for a given range of extreme fibre stress might typically decrease by a factor of 30 Two other effects that can influence fatigue performance are: • Corrosion fatigue There is ... prone to fatigue failure than a thin one A useful rough rule is to take the fatigue strength (limiting value of fr) of an aluminium detail, for a given number of cycles, as one-third of that for a...

Ngày tải lên: 22/07/2014, 18:22

... stress for unwelded parent metal, and kz1= softening factor (Section 6.4.1) For the non-heat-treatable alloys it is found from: pf=0.5(foo+fuo) (11.18b) where foo and fuo are the proof and ultimate ... this curve is: f f f (11.16) Figure 11.7 Weld dimensions g and h Figure 11.8 Definition of angle : (a) weld metal failure; (b) fusion boundary failure f Copyright 1999 by Taylor & Francis Group ... unit length of weld is found from: – P c=ahpf (11.17) where pf=limiting stress for fusion-boundary failure, h=width of failure plane, and =factor depending on joint geometry (as before) The limiting...

Ngày tải lên: 22/07/2014, 18:22

... positive if u (or v) increases in the direction of flow, and negative if it decreases The warping factor H is then found from the standard equation (10.29), in which d and wm are defined in terms of ... edge of the section and number all the elements In a bifurcating section (Figure 10.14(c)), the two strands beyond the point of bifurcation may be referred to as A and B, with the direction of flow ... stiffness of non-hollow profiles can be much improved by local thickening, in the form of liberal fillet material at the junctions between plates, or bulbs at the toes of outstands To find for...

Ngày tải lên: 22/07/2014, 18:22

... buckling of certain type-R sections—empirical formulae for t and X Notes Refer to Figure 9.11 for section details Despite the asymmetry of sections SA3 and SA4 the interaction factor k is still found ... sections—empirical formulae for , , X q f Note Refer to Figure 9.13 for section details Copyright 1999 by Taylor & Francis Group All Rights Reserved Figure 9.14 Four standardized profiles (BS 1161) ... action of P or M in isolation But if (under P+M) the section is found to be slender, Pc and Mc should be found exactly as specified in Sections 9.7.4 and 9.7.6, taking (different) effective sections...

Ngày tải lên: 22/07/2014, 18:22

... of the effective stiff ener section, extending a distance b1 each side of the actual stiffener (Figure 8.18), generally given by: b1=lesser of 0.13a and 15 t e Figure 8.18 Transverse web stiffener, ... REINFORCEMENT 8.6.1 Types of reinforcement The following types of reinforcement may be used for strengthening the webs of beams: tongue plates; bearing stiffeners (transverse); intermediate stiffeners ... reduce the effective stiffness and thus lead to increased deflection The designer can allow Copyright 1999 by Taylor & Francis Group All Rights Reserved Figure 8.26 Components of deflection for asymmetric...

Ngày tải lên: 22/07/2014, 18:22

... allow for the adverse effects of weld shrinkage (locked-in stress, greater initial outof-flatness) Secondly, an allowance must be made for the effects of HAZ softening Diagram W shows the effective ... assumed effective section N=non-welded, W=with edge-welds ° a Figure 7.6 Internal elements, effective width coefficient edge-welds N=non-welded, W=with Figure 7.7 Outstands, effective width coefficient ... & Francis Group All Rights Reserved a Table 7.2 Effective section of slender elements—coefficients in the formulae for and a Figure 7.4 Slender internal element Stress-pattern at failure, and...

Ngày tải lên: 22/07/2014, 18:22

... dip at point A The softening factor may therefore be taken as follows: (6.2a) (6.2b) where fo,,fu are the 0.2% proof stress and tensile strength of parent metal, and foo, fuo are the same in the ... instead of arcs for the sake of simplicity 6.5.5 Weld geometry For the purpose of our RD method, it is necessary to know the effective weld size w, and Figure 6.11 shows how we define this for some ... option of switching to a more scientific method for the final check In many cases it will be found that the effect of the HAZ on the resistance of the section is small, making the use of the one-inch...

Ngày tải lên: 22/07/2014, 18:22

... each of the individual nominal loads by a partial factor f known as the loading factor Different values of f can be taken for different classes of nominal load See Table 5.1 • Action-effect By ... as follows: g g Loading factor ( f) This factor, which takes account of the unpredictability of different kinds of load, is taken as the product of two sub-factors as follows: g = (5.2) g g g f ... Figure 5.6 shows the effect of c on the shape of the curve thus obtained, for given P1 and l Figure 5.6 Modified Perry buckling formula, effect of c Copyright 1999 by Taylor & Francis Group All Rights...

Ngày tải lên: 22/07/2014, 18:22

... in fu between the two extreme conditions (O and Hx8) The resulting value for fu is effectively given by the following expression (plotted in Figure 4.1): fu=Pfuo+Q (4.1) in which the coefficients ... specified Aluminium material standards quote two levels of stress, both of which must be attained for a batch of material to be accepted: fo fu minimum value of the 0.2% proof stress (or ‘0.2% offset’); ... & Francis Group All Rights Reserved Figure 4.7 Variation of proof stress (fo) and tensile strength (fu) with temperature, for two alloys Procedure as for Figure 4.6 Figure 4.8 Variation of room-temperature...

Ngày tải lên: 22/07/2014, 18:22

... build-up of heat 3.3.4 Filler metal Specification of the electrode/filler wire for MIG or TIG is a design decision and should not be left to the fabricator It is mainly a function of the alloy of the ... clearly different from that of the parent metal, if the filler wire is of different composition as it usually is The thickness of the oxide film on anodized components should be specified by the designer ... 3.4.2 Features of FS welding FS welding provides a simple means of making butt-joints, for which it has the following advantages over MIG and TIG • Profile An FS joint, with its flat surfaces,...

Ngày tải lên: 22/07/2014, 18:22

... roll-forming An important use is for the cladding of buildings, where a trapezoidal profile is usually specified, formed from hard-rolled sheet in 3xxx-series alloy Some such profiles are of ingenious ... by length after quenching For heat-treated extrusions, the stretch has little effect on the final material properties But for non-heat-treatable extrusions, it has the effect of significantly lowering ... stronger types of 6xxx material, or if the tip corners are not rounded It decreases further for the weaker (weldable) forms of 7xxx-series alloy, and much more so for 2xxx, 5xxx and the stronger...

Ngày tải lên: 22/07/2014, 18:22

... spacing of transverse stiffeners width of plate element effective width of plate element depth of lip reinforcement on an outstand element imperfection factor in overall buckling depth of web element ... of section area of effective section area of weld deposit area of nominal heat-affected zone (HAZ) overall depth of section modulus of elasticity shear modulus warping factor second moment of ... Aluminium Design and Construction John Dwight MSc, FI Struct E Former Reader in Structural Engineering, University of Cambridge; and Fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge E & FN SPON An Imprint of Routledge...

Ngày tải lên: 22/07/2014, 18:22

... 2-6 Figure 2-7 Figure 2-8 Figure 3-1 Figure 3-2 Figure 3-3 Figure 3-4 Figure 3-5 Figure 3-6 Figure 3-7 Figure 3-8 Figure 3-9 Figure 5-1 Figure 5-2 Figure 5-3 Figure 5-4 Figure 5-5 Figure 5-6 Figure ... Figure 1-2 Figure 1-3 Figure 1-4 Figure 1-5 Figure 1-6 Figure 1-7 Figure 1-8 Figure 1-9 Figure 1-10 Figure 1-11 Figure 1-12 Figure 1-13 Figure 2-1 Figure 2-2 Figure 2-3 Figure 2-4 Figure 2-5 Figure ... Table of Contents March 2009 Figure 5-9 Figure 5-10 Figure 5-11 Figure 5-12 Figure 5-13 Figure 5-14 Figure 6-1 Figure 6-2 Figure 6-3 Figure 6-4 Figure 6-5 Figure 6-6 Figure 6-7 Figure 6-8 Figure...

Ngày tải lên: 30/08/2014, 22:32

... out of the lift shaft new values of the factor F should be calculated from Af F = Ad .(15) where (16) = total effective leakage area of lift shaft, where Ad is the leakage area of one lift door, ... of a combination of series and parallel paths of air leakage Figure — Diagram of leakage from lift landing doors Figure — Diagram of airflow conditions listed in Table Figure — Diagram of airflow ... Code of practice for office buildings3) BS 5588-5, Code of practice for firefighting stairways and lifts3) BS 5720, Code of practice for mechanical ventilation and air conditioning in buildings...

Ngày tải lên: 28/09/2014, 23:27

... out of the lift shaft new values of the factor F should be calculated from Af F = Ad .(15) where (16) = total effective leakage area of lift shaft, where Ad is the leakage area of one lift door, ... of a combination of series and parallel paths of air leakage Figure — Diagram of leakage from lift landing doors Figure — Diagram of airflow conditions listed in Table Figure — Diagram of airflow ... Code of practice for office buildings3) BS 5588-5, Code of practice for firefighting stairways and lifts3) BS 5720, Code of practice for mechanical ventilation and air conditioning in buildings...

Ngày tải lên: 28/09/2014, 23:27

... the lifts needs to be readily available and of suitable design for firefighters to use, i.e a firefighting lift The firefighting lift may be separate from or part of a group of lifts The benefits ... preferable for the firefighting shaft to serve all storeys of a building, this is not always necessary The following considerations affect the extent of firefighting shafts and of the firefighting ... of a building Figure — Minimum extent of firefighting stairs and lifts in tall buildings and buildings with deep basements Figure 1a — Firefighting lift within escape stair Figure — Typical firefighting...

Ngày tải lên: 28/09/2014, 23:28

... magnitude of interference effects A review of interference effects is given by Zdravkokvich.14 Vickery13 attributes the amplification of shedding forces to increased turbulence and additional buffeting ... calculated by standard methods due to the stiffening effect of the concrete in the cracked tension zone The stiffening effect needs to be investigated further The strength reduction factor for vertical ... C—REFERENCES C.1—Recommended references American Concrete Institute 307-69 Specification for the Design and Construction of Reinforced Concrete Chimneys 307-88 Standard Practice for the Design and...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2014, 15:45