evolve gene sequences down the model tree

... 500-taxon model condition, and 10 datasets for each 1000-taxon model condition Step 2: Evolve gene sequences down the model tree We first determined the subtree within the model tree for which each gene ... and four genes for each scaffold dataset Each model condition is indicated by the number of taxa in the model tree and by the density of the scaffold dataset, which is the percentage of the entire ... bipartitions induced on the leaf set, one bipartition for each internal edge in the tree If T is an estimated supertree and T0 is the true (model) tree, | (T) − (T0 )| , and the then the false positive...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 17:20

... finding the parameter set for which the model has the best agreement with the data and then calculating R(t) by using these parameters and the model- predicted time course of S(t) Simulation of the model ... by taking the square roots of ˆ the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix Σn GLS The values of the weights involved in the GLS estimation depend on the values of the fitted model These values ... the predicted incidence; these correspond to assuming that the variance in the observations is proportional to the value of the model (as opposed to its square) The most popular assumption, the...

Ngày tải lên: 13/02/2014, 16:20

... computed by the model and the GBD projected estimates The impact on the estimates is subtracted out of the estimates of lost income Model assumptions The characteristic model assumptions for the simple ... II) The finding that many of the variables contributed little to the variations in the forecasts is sufficient indication of model sensitivity rather than the sensitivity to the assumptions on the ... been made in many of the economic growth models in the literature, from which some of the parameters for this model were taken Further, the relative effects of unemployment in the countries have...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 20:20

... be due to a number of factors, either the presence of the MNPs both intracellular and on the membrane of the cells or the nanoparticles themselves interfere with the reagents In our experiments, ... concentrations, the MNPs became attached to either the cell membrane or the bottom of the plate, appearing as a brown colour in the well (even after five washes with fresh culture media) (data not shown) The ... one further centrifugation step at the end of the MTT assay in order to lyse the cells and discard the cellular components and CNT particles could reduce interferences caused by the CNTs They concluded...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... the phase offset of the channel The proposed method of blind estimation of the phase offset is based on a MAP approach in the sense of maximizing the probability that a phase θ corresponds to the ... their main disadvantage is in the optimization part In order to reduce the complexity of the proposed methods, our goal is now to decrease the computation time of the optimization algorithm Therefore, ... not enough to achieve the estimation After having estimated the CFO using the method proposed in Section 2.1, we correct the rotation of the received samples then apply the proposed algorithm...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 08:20

... be due to a number of factors, either the presence of the MNPs both intracellular and on the membrane of the cells or the nanoparticles themselves interfere with the reagents In our experiments, ... concentrations, the MNPs became attached to either the cell membrane or the bottom of the plate, appearing as a brown colour in the well (even after five washes with fresh culture media) (data not shown) The ... one further centrifugation step at the end of the MTT assay in order to lyse the cells and discard the cellular components and CNT particles could reduce interferences caused by the CNTs They concluded...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 17:20

... discuss the available techniques for identifying the DOA of sources The main body of the work concentrates on the application of the TSI finders for identifying the physical location of the source ... and the unit vector representing the TSI path is kt (only the section of the path from array to reflection point on the ground) The unit vector kh points towards the ground vertically below the ... theory), and is able to detect extremely small TSI power In the next section we would like to further investigate the properties of the estimator and its processing gain The output power at the...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 19:20

... plots, the components of the errors accounted for are the sampling and biomass model errors (assumed to be small) In the BEFbased method, the sampling error in the volume estimate and error of the ... than the estimates calculated with age-dependent BEFs (Tab II and Fig 3) For pine, the differences in the estimates obtained with the various methods were generally smaller than for the other tree ... especially for the possible presence of bias, before they can be used in the national inventories Furthermore, it is evident that the time series of the inventory, i.e the biomass estimates of the earlier...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 00:22

... standing trees The high population levels allow the beetles to extend their attacks to healthy and vigorous trees [3, 18, 29] Such epidemic gradations, even if they are rather unfrequent, are nevertheless ... monophenols, ) around the attack point, that limits the progression of the aggressor; in a second step, the build-up of wound tissue isolates the reaction zone from the rest of the tree [7, 23, 32, ... according to the aggressiveness of the beetle and the pathogenicity of the fungus strain [33, 14] It is also modulated by the health status and vigour of the trees, increasing with tree vigour...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 14:22

... a the direct genetic effect of the jth animal, m! the maternal j genetic effect from the kth dam, ez!! the residual of the jth animal from the kth dam, reared in the ith hatch and cov(a, m) the ... f the subscripts ’m’ and ‘f’ stand for male and female, respectively model 2.2 Analysis The analysis model was: where yZ!k is the performance of the jth animal from the kth dam, reared in the ... evaluate whether the same genes were expressed in males and females The results of this analysis were used to calculate genetic parameters of and of the ratio of the trait expressed in males to the trait...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 18:21

... j Given the proportion of genes ibd at the the expectation of Y is: j QTL (!r!t), Elston (1990) shows that where is the additive genetic variance due to the QTL and aethe variance of the difference ... all other genetic environmental components Since the proportion of genes ibd at the QTL cannot be observed, the proportion of genes ibd at the linked marker locus ( must be used to estimate The ... with the same proportion of genes ibd at both marker-loci jml &dquo; r j r ( then in the majority of cases the proportion of genes ibd at the QTL ) ) jt r ( is equal to the proportion of genes...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 18:21

... seeking to alleviate the disease burden in general and the cost of breast cancer in particular Methods The first step was the estimation of the individual cost according to the therapeutic sub-groups ... of this new generation of treatment The main objective of the present study is to provide an evaluation of the total cost of chemotherapy in the early stages of breast cancer due to the frequency ... evaluated the individual cost per unit and whole cycle-set using for each drug the price of the cheapest generic as indicated by the Agence Nationale de l’Assurance Maladie which gives the average...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 11:22

... USA) during the study period The primary goal of this study was to validate the hypothesis that the diameter of the right IJV is greater than the left one, and secondary to determine the cross-sectional ... when the advantage of right over left IJV cannulation was discussed [1] The aim of this prospective study was to validate the hypothesis that the diameter of the right IJV is greater than the ... mm/1.2 mm interval Thereafter, the diameter and cross-sectional area of the left and right IJVs were measured at the level of the cricoid cartilage (Figure 1) The level of the cricoid cartilage...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 20:21

... Indeed, the number of embryos was reduced in the litters sired by the boar carrying the translocation Therefore, the uterine competition should be reduced, and the piglets more robust at birth The ... representative of the real effect of the rearrangement over the whole reproductive career of the boar On the other hand, direct non chromosomal effects of boars on the prolificacy of their mates have ... abnormalities affect the reproductive performance of animals which carry the rearrangements, or the reproductive performance of their mates The reason is the production of genetically unbalanced...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:22

... For the present study, NEUTRO is enhanced in its capability to investigate the fate of atmospherically deposited nutrients There are two steps involved in the application of the model In the ... 2004) The fate of the initial fire emissions depends strongly on both their composition and the regional state of the atmosphere Once airborne, the particles begin to grow slightly in size as they ... reported in the literature pertaining to this subject Chapter reviews the current status of knowledge in the area of atmospheric deposition of nutrients The overall structure of the thesis is briefly...

Ngày tải lên: 12/09/2015, 10:57

... training the ANN model, and the others are used for the comparison 631 16 between the predicted value and the measured value The properties of the soil used for training of the MANN models are ... ) The C ( ILC ) abscissa presents the measured values from the consolidation tests, the ordinate shows the predict values using the ANN model The results show the high correlation between the ... determine the neural network model that gave the smallest average of the sum square error There is currently no rule for determining the optimal number of neurons in the hidden layer other than...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2013, 15:01

... estimate the dispersion function, the accuracy of the estimated emissions will depend on the ability of the model to reproduce the dispersion of the pollutants Until now, in Vietnam in general ... speeds and when the wind is perpendicular to the street axis, the concentration of pollutants increases at the leeward side of the street concentrations are higher than that in the morning From ... difference in the emission factors of VOCs for LDVs and HDVs The emission factors calculated in this study are generally higher compared to the results of the other studies around the world Only the emission...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 16:20

... compiled the densities and the thermal coefficient, in terms of the slope of the volume-temperature curve, from several sources in the literature We have then calculated the volume at the glass ... reflects the shape and long-chain nature of the molecule; and (3) the expansion volume that is due to thermal motion of the molecules Using the values generated from the straight-line fit of the data ... volume The theoretical brittle stress is then the number of bonds times the strength of an individual bond The real strength of the material is much less because defects exist within the material...

Ngày tải lên: 01/04/2014, 00:20

... to the DEGG signal, we apply the Henrich correlation approach on the newly obtained signal and not on the EGG one Therefore, we can give an estimation of the pitch period and the OQ from the ... or doubled on the DEGG In this example, we clearly see the effect of the MP on cancelling the noise and giving accurate peaks The strength of the MP of the EGG signal compared to the DEGG signal ... MP and the DEGG signal first maximum of the crosscorrelation and autocorrelation functions The OQ is then deduced by calculating the ratio between the open phase and the pitch period The crosscorrelation...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 22:20

... based on the model structure and the measurement data One of the benefits in integrating estimation and identifiability is the reuse of the variance generated by the UKF for the step size in the calculation ... performed by comparing the measured data to the data generated from the model The results of the parameter estimation are illustrated in Figure Though the method estimated most of the parameter values ... corresponds to the parameter that has the highest impact on the model output This column is added to the matrix X L (L being the iteration number), in the order of the highest to the lowest sensitivity...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 22:20