evolution of vaccine resistant strains of infectious agents

... Immunology and Evolution of Infectious Disease STEVEN A FRANK Princeton University Press Princeton and Oxford This is a full PDF copy of: Frank, S A 2002 Immunology and Evolution of Infectious Disease ... the pacing, scale, and pattern of diversity and the nature of evolutionary change Of the many cases of attack and defense across all of biology, the major parasites of humans and their domestic ... rapid evolution of antigenic molecules all too often prevents control of parasite CHAPTER populations The challenge has been to link molecular understanding of parasite molecules to their evolutionary...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 05:20

... presence of a wide variety of bacterial species was unexpected, but we reported very similar findings in our previous study of RA and other forms of chronic arthritis [14] The source of these ... present analysis of SF from ReA patients indicates that, even in patients in whom an infectious agent is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of the arthritis, detection of that infectious agent ... implications of these findings for our understanding of the pathogenesis of postinfectious arthritis? First, the fact that rRNA sequences from disease associated organisms are a minority of those...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 01:21

... explores incremental learning of evolutionary agents in the application domain of pattern classification These agents are called as classifier agents 1.2 Evolutionary Agents It has attracted much ... referred as software agents In general, software agents are software entities that carry out some set of operations on behalf of a user or another program with some degree of independence or autonomy ... Contents Summary List of Figures vi viii List of Tables x Introduction 1.1 Software Agents .1 1.2 Evolutionary Agents .3 1.3 Incremental Learning for Classifier Agents .4...

Ngày tải lên: 17/09/2015, 17:19

... O-antigen and virulence characteristics of each listed in Table Table 1: E coli strains used for the preparation of vaccine Designation of E coli vaccine strains Characteristics O-serogroup Fimbriae ... EC-VN8 B Results of mannose -resistant haemagglutination: The two ETEC strains were examined for mannose -resistant haemagglutinating activity using Sheep Red Blood Cells Both strains were tested ... haemagglutination of cultures of each strain are presented in Table Mannose -resistant haemagglutination was observed at 37oC, but not at 18oC for both strains, confirming the production of adhesins...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 12:20

... M120 CD196 BI-1 BI-16 R20291 C difficile strains Figure Autoagglutination of C difficile strains Autoagglutination of C difficile strains C difficile strains were grown on BHI plates for to days, ... designated R20291) All 027 strains formed a tight clade, which was distinct from the other 56 strains analyzed [14] Closer inspection of the 027 clade revealed micro -evolution among strains with the historic ... has shown the binding domain of toxin B in 027 strains to be highly divergent compared to other C difficile strains [8] However, the significance of the difference of the 027 toxin B gene sequence...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 20:20

... comparison of the S1 glycoprotein of the Gray and JMK strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus Virus Genes 1995, 9:219-229 Hofstad MS: Cross-immunity in chickens using seven isolates of avian infectious ... number of substitution events Figure genome Schematic presentation of the structural region of Ark DPI Schematic presentation of the structural region of Ark DPI genome Entire genome of Ark DPI ... proteins and because of unavailability of sequence information for rest of the genome; we speculate that GA98 may be a derivative of the Ark DPI strain Analysis of the structural region of Ark DPI clearly...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 04:21

... fitness of clone B2.5 was slightly lower than that of clone B2.3, but higher than that of the B1 strains The ranking order of relative fitness is: B2.3 ≥ B2.5 > B1.1 ≥ B1.2 >> B1.3 The outcome of ... though none of the strains exhibited a severe replication defect, the superinfecting virus has a higher replicative capacity than the primary strain Analysis of the ratio of the two strains in ... Expression profiles were analysed with the GCNPro™ (Gene Network Central) software [68] Clustering of the gene expression profiles induced by the HIV-1 clones is shown for a selection of genes from...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 01:20

... formation and use of non -infectious surface-engineered virion particles to induce immune responses against infectious diseases The use of these particles is illustrated with three infectious agents and ... demonstrate that the inhibition of HIV replication was not due to depletion and/or apoptosis of CD4-positive cells In the first set of experiments, the amount of infectious virus was increased ... performed by the addition of 1.2 g of PEG (MW = 3,350) and 2.2 g of NaCl per 100 ml of culture supernatants, resulting in a 6% final concentration that would favor the recovery of particles relative...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 09:21

... part of the vein in all animals and in the distal part of the vein in of the animals Edema (Grades 1-3) was found in the proximal part of the vein in of the animals and in the distal part of the ... DEX Infusion of a 0.6-mg/mL solution of VNR for 30 at mL/kg/hr (the control group) caused slight loss of venous endothelial cells (Grade 1) in the proximal part of the vein in out of animals In ... reduces the completion of chemotherapy The causative factors of phlebitis include the pH and osmotic pressure of the solution, the size of the vein used, the size and material of the catheter, and...

Ngày tải lên: 26/10/2012, 09:57

... for Oxygen, almost all of the Earth’s atmosphere today Evolution of the Earth Process and“Equation” its Atmosphere Disassociation of NH3 2NH3 + uv → N2 + 3H2 Conversion of some H2O and most CO ... Most of the H2O vapor condensed to form the oceans ♦ As a result of three key processes (outlined on the next slide), the air ended up consisting primarily of N2, CO2 and CH4, with traces of H2, ... organisms appeared, and some of these evolved into soft-bodied worm-like animals with a variety of organs, and still later into the first hard-shelled creatures capable of leaving fossils ♦ Oxygen...

Ngày tải lên: 04/04/2013, 10:51

... working with them to enhance the features of SIP servers so that they can have the functionality of a softswitch Such a softswitch may perform the functions of a call controller, MGC, and SS7 SG ... with the CC using IP links The softswitch concept probably originated during the development of MGCP A softswitch is sometimes referred to as a collection of softwaredefined entities residing ... features of SCTP are (a) backward compatibility with UDP, (b) acknowledged, error-free, and nonduplicated transfer of user data, (c) sup- 42 EVOLUTION OF VoIP SIGNALING PROTOCOLS port of data...

Ngày tải lên: 30/09/2013, 07:20

... drive each phase of adoption of the technology Figure provides a general overview of the evolution, including Probe's projections of global voice and fax over IP in minutes of use Figure 4: ... copies of this class of software had shipped, and players like Microsoft and Intel had jumped in to develop standards-based client software as part of their larger vision of using the Internet ... Probe's ongoing analysis of bandwidth to the home and small office, and all of the associated terminal equipment, standards, and other issues surrounding the take off of residential multimedia,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/12/2013, 17:15

... quasi-religious attitudes 406 CHAPTER EVOLUTION OF GSM AND CDMAONE TO 3G SYSTEMS of engineers towards methods of multiple access The meagre spectrum of 1.25 MHz at the top of the AMPS band was just about ... -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 Σ of bits = Σ of bits = c 8,4 × c 8,4 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 Σ of bits ≠ Σ of bits ≠ -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Σ of bits = Σ of bits ≠ Figure 6.13: Code ... EVOLUTION OF GSM AND CDMAONE TO 3G SYSTEMS rate of 0.16, 0.26, 0.53 and 0.64, respectively; while for 8-PSK the bit rates have the higher values of 14.5, 29, 32 and 38.8 kb/s for code rates of...

Ngày tải lên: 23/12/2013, 17:15

... is often thought of as the "middle tier" This tier is where the vast majority of business logic is implemented I often think of this tier as being pretty fuzzy in that it may be comprised of ... a way of doing this without interfering with the rest of the semantics of PHP, and preferably, without having to rewrite the whole of PHP itself Luckily, the solution came in the form of a big ... the software for the encoding of large numbers of files easy and convenient As you can see, the interface is based on the concept of a “project”—this way, you can encode entire directories of PHP...

Ngày tải lên: 17/01/2014, 18:20

... Spread of Disease Infants and young children in child care have an increased rate of certain infectious disease and an increased risk of getting antibiotic -resistant organisms Prevention of infectious ... Diseases through Blood Contact • Examples of How Some Childhood Infectious Diseases Are Spread Prevention of Infectious Disease Section Understanding the Spread of Disease Rationale: Illnesses are ... more than one method of control in order to reduce the transmission of infectious disease You can control the spread of communicable disease in three ways: Attack the source of infection or the...

Ngày tải lên: 12/02/2014, 12:20

... Notable effects of Ct1adrenoceptor activation include: constriction of many blood vessels, stimulation of smooth muscle of the seminal tract, stimulation of the smooth muscle of the iris of the eye ... are agents that block a class of enzymes involved in the second stage of the sequence of enzymes involved in the breakdown of ethanol (conversion of acetaldehyde to acetic acid), inhibition of ... peptides, though often inhibition of more than one type of peptidase is necessary For instance, inhibition of degradation of enkephalin has been shown to be analgesic, though inhibition of both aminopeptidase...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 05:20

... Part of the reform of the system of accounting and auditing was to replace the Ministry of Revenue with the Ministry of Finance and Expenditure, which was responsible for the transportation of ... of Accounting History No Diciembre 2007 149 Cigdem Solas y Sinan Ayhan: The historical evolution of accounting in China: the effects of culture _ 1.2.2 Hofstede’s ... represented as follows: • • Professionalism versus Statutory Control - a preference for the exercise of individual professional judgment and the maintenance of professional self regulation, as...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 10:20

... three-star commander of the Navy’s Second Fleet, such integration “is now a part of the culture” of U.S combat aircrews, regardless of whether the wings they wear on their uniforms are made of silver or ... Doctrine Program of RAND Project AIR FORCE as a part of a fiscal year 2006 study titled “Exploring New Concepts for Joint AirNaval Operations.” iii iv Combat Pair: The Evolution of Air Force–Navy ... Sources of Navy–Air Force Friction 33 CHAPTER SEVEN A Convergence of Integration over Afghanistan 45 v vi Combat Pair: The Evolution of Air...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 23:20

... 16-kDa proteolipid of chromaffin granules implies gene duplication in the evolution of H+-ATPases Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85, 5521–5524 11 Nelson N & Taiz L (1989) The evolution of H+-ATPases Trends ... operation of the enzyme under symmetry mismatch conditions [37] In the enzyme from A woodii, rotation of the c ring over each phase of 120° is coupled to at least two different numbers of ions ... Structure of the rotor ring of F-type Na+-ATPase from Ilyobacter tartaricus Science 308, 659–662 Murata T, Yamato I, Kakinuma Y, Leslie AG & Walker JE (2005) Structure of the rotor of the V-type...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 17:20

... to the failure of 160 members of the New York Stock Exchange) Toward the end of the period, glimmers of deregulation and technology advances laid the groundwork for the beginning of financial engineering ... 1998 All of these events raised fears of a global economic meltdown Also notable at the end of 1998 was the creation of the financial behemoth, Citigroup, that challenged the separation of banking ... investors in certain types of financially engineered credit instruments, and the incineration of trillions of dollars of value, have resulted in the nationalization of numerous financial firms and...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 18:20