evidence from a postal service pp 533 566

... availablefrompublic sources All Anita We thankAshiq Ali, MarkBeasley, MartiBenis, Donal Byard,MasakoDarrough, PaquitaDavis-Friday, Dennis,Zeng Deng, RajibDoogar,Amy Edwards, ZhaoyangGu, LarryHarris,PremJain,Joe ... marketparticipants manKeywords: auditortenure;auditorindependence; audit quality;earningsquality; auditorrotation;capitalmarketperceptions datory Data Availability: data used in this study are availablefrompublic ... (Dopuchet al 2003; Kinney 1999) Our study investigateswhether capital marketparticipantsperceive longer tenure as affecting audit quality.Insightsfrom a market-based approachare important along at least...

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2015, 19:42

... provisions related to the standard performance specifications should be evaluated as a warranty under Statement If Company E can reasonably and reliably estimate the amount of warranty obligations, ... in a manner consistent with the nature of the transaction and the earnings process e Layaway sales arrangements Facts: Company R is a retailer that offers "layaway" sales to its customers Company ... an appropriate liability for probable warranty obligations Question Facts: Assume the same facts about Company E’s equipment, contract terms and customary practices as in Question above Company...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 22:20

... common Indonesia Korea Malaysia Philippines Taiwan Thailand Table Other Asset Values on the Balance Sheet Country Indonesia Korea Malaysia Philippines Taiwan Thailand Capital leases on balance sheet? ... the Philippines and Taiwan (although Philippine GAAP is secondarily based on tax law) Korean accounting standards are unique in that they are based on Korean tax law that, like tax law in all countries, ... Country Indonesia Korea Malaysia Philippines Taiwan Thailand Primary basis for accounting standards Independent accounting standards setting body? IAS Tax Law IAS US GAAP US GAAP IAS yes no yes...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 09:20

... experimental evidence on mental accounting, and motivates the analysis that follows 3.1 Data Panel Microdata Our main data source is a transaction-level file from a large U.S grocery retailer with gasoline ... sales as well as the (real) US average price for regular unleaded gasoline, from the EIA data Figure plots the regular-grade share and average price by week for transactions in our retailer panel ... important evidence that this assumption is a reasonable approximation 34 First, we recode as identical any two UPCs that are substantially the same In orange juice, this means recoding as identical...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 21:20

... savings bank is a liated with one federal state bank (“Landesbank”) and each federal state bank is a liated with a state (“Bundesland”) or group of states The a liated savings banks own each a ... deviation of the average return of assets, E stands for equity, and A for total assets.22 The latter two are used to calculate the capital assets ratio (E /A = CAR) ROAA and CAR are both averages ... characteristics, we also use annual balance sheets for the 452 savings banks The savings bank data is also from the German Savings Banks Association By using this proprietary data set, the sample...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 10:20

... premiums? Evidence from international data” by A Ang and A Maddaloni, January 2003 209 A framework for collateral risk control determination” by D Cossin, Z Huang, D Aunon-Nerin and F González, January ... suggest that the overall debate on the Pact in Autumn has actually created some uncertainty about its future, and that any action against member states was eventually assessed as a credibility ... Tor Vergata Conference on Banking and Finance for helpful comments, Gerhard Schwab and Anna Foden for able research assistance, Ioana Alexopoulou and Jorge Sicilia for helping us with data and JP...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 23:20

... of a company has a significant importance in capital market There are several factors that may have effect on this relationship On the other hand, several factors (economic and accounting) may ... relationship between interest rates, GDP, inflation and exchange rates and capital structure in a sample of companies in Germany, France, Italy and UK They believe that favorable and unfavorable ... credit and capital structure Inflation rate is another microeconomic variable that has a significant effect on capital structure Since, this variable has ongoing changes and fluctuations in Iran,...

Ngày tải lên: 24/04/2014, 15:42

Ngày tải lên: 03/06/2014, 01:05

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2015, 19:46

... that may be dictated by external demands in oversea markets for instance Also there are environmental standards, experiences and ideas abroad that Vietnamese law-makers and regulators can draw ... office) at local level; (China, Malaysia, Pakistan, India, New Zealand) - Parliamentary system (head: a prime minister, government agencies head: ministers, staff: professional civil servants) Malaysia ... Environmental Quality Standards (or Ambient Environment Standard), (2) Effluent Standards; and (3) Supporting Standards (testing, sampling standards etc) Most of supporting standards are adapted from...

Ngày tải lên: 24/08/2013, 18:48

... feldspar while apatite and zircon dominated in accessory minerals and by a schistosity coupled with lineation fabric Analytical method 5.1 Single mineral separation A fresh hand sample of about ... varied from to 20o All kinematic indicators indicated predominantly sinistral shear sense at various scale from regional to thin section one Tectonic setting and structural characteristics Analysis ... the axial plan was parallel to the foliation of the gneiss country rocks The sample VNSH14-2 was characterized by a mineral assemblage composing of biotite, garnet (almandine), silimanite, quartz,...

Ngày tải lên: 13/02/2014, 12:20

... gradient in temperature It therefore matters whether the total leaf area is arranged in a wide crown, giving a low leaf-area index (LAI) ( area of leaf/area of canopy, low LAI means little shading ... calculate canopy area and leaf area The methods that we use are not the only possible ones, and alternative methods for calculating canopy area and leaf area could give estimates of emissions that ... et al., 1998) ð5Þ LAI was then calculated as the ratio of total leaf area to crown area LAIði;tÞ ¼ a i:tÞ =cði;tÞ : ð6Þ Eqns (4–6) imply that a tree of a given size can adopt a higher LAI in a...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 08:20

... errors, such as an abbreviated company name in one database and its full name in another database, extra characters in one database as compared to the other If we could still not find a match, we ... cumulative abnormal return (ACAR) of matched loan-bond pairs (based on the name of the borrower) surrounding a loan default date in Panel A, a bond default date in Panel B, and a bankruptcy date ... this data, and how the data was processed into individual datasets used in this study Loan price dataset The source for this data is the Loan Syndications and Trading Association (LSTA) and Loan...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 02:20

... Children Age The variable takes the value if the applicant is married and otherwise The number of children of the applicant at the time of the application Age of applicant at the time of the application ... mortgages and is calculated only for approved applications The applicant applied via phone call E    Soft Information Real Estate Value, Mean Zip Level (€) The mean “presumed” real estate value ... table is to establish that adaptation is happening and to motivate how we use bank data to speak to tax evasion A number of banks in southern Europe told us point blank that they have adaptation...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 03:20

... totaled almost $27bn, approximately 20% of Peru’s GDP North America and Asia are the main destinations of Peruvian exports; in particular United States and China jointly account for approximately ... Paper 16006 Manova, Kalina (2008) ‘Credit Constraints, Equity Market Liberalizations, and International Trade.’ Journal of International Economics 76(1), 33–47 Manova, Kalina, Shang-Jin Wei, and ... Manova (2010) ‘Off the Cliff and Back? Credit Conditions and International Trade during the Global Financial Crisis.’ NBER Working Paper 16174 Eaton, Jonathan, Marcela Eslava, Maurice Kugler, and...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 03:20

... Estonia France Arabia Pakistan Hungary Germany Papua New United Arab Guinea Kazakhstan Greece Emirates Philippines Latvia Ireland Singapore Lithuania Italy Taiwan (China) Poland Japan Thailand Romania ... Middle East Bangladesh Belarus Australia Bahrain Hong Kong Bulgaria Austria Egypt India Croatia Belgium Israel Indonesia Cyprus Canada Kuwait Malaysia Czech Republic Denmark Lebanon Saudi Nepal Estonia ... Madagascar Mali Mauritius Morocco Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Table List of Countries by Region Industrial Asia Eastern...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 10:20

... average loan quality (measured as the ratio of classified loans to total loans).14 In panels A and B we apply the production approach, in panels C and D the intermediation approach Panels A and C ... production approach in this paper The intermediation approach has the disadvantage that deposits are neglected as an important output But there is also an argument in favor of the intermediation approach ... 1999, and Claeys and Schoors (2007) show that these standards are indeed enforced As a result, capital levels have reached more acceptable levels Still our data reveal that the average capitalization...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 10:20

... 15 Appendix 2: Japanese Bankers Association Data Our bank-level balance sheet data are obtained from the Japanese Bankers Association (JBA) website: http://www.zenginkyo.or.jp/en/stats/year2_01/index.html ... March 2009 and are taken from semi-annual balance sheet reports obtained from the Japanese Bankers Association (See Appendix for more details.) Using panel data for 138 banks over the nine-year ... 29-51 Baba, Naohiko, Shinichi Nishioka, Nobuyuki Oda, Masaaki Shirakawa, Kazuo Ueda, and Hiroshi Ugai, 2005, Japan’s Deflation, Problems in the Financial System and Monetary Policy, Monetary and...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 11:20

... The Data and Background The data was obtained from the “Baseball Archive” which is copyrighted by Sean Lahman, and is a freely available on the internet for research purposes The data contains ... significant statistically, the implied magnitudes are not very large If we take a two standard deviation change in the batting average of a player’s teammates (0.024 from Table 1), the predicted change ... “on-base-percentage” as the dependent variable are virtually identical to those using a player’s batting average as the performance measure Although not shown, the results are also similar if we use a player’s...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 09:20

... only a small, marginally significant response of bond rates Other examples of the VAR approach include Evans and Marshall (1998) and Mehra (1996) In an effort to model the discrete nature of target ... Notes: Parentheses contain t-statistics See also notes to Table 11 0:00 Figure 2: Target rate changes and the 5-year rate actual anticipated unanticipated 20 20 15 15 15 10 change in 5-year rate, ... raw target rate changes (left-hand panel) and the expected target rate changes (center panel) bear little, if any, relation to changes in the five-year rate By contrast, changes in the five-year...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 02:21