evaluating language understanding accuracy

... Linguistics Evaluating language understanding accuracy with respect to objective outcomes in a dialogue system Myroslava O. Dzikovska and Peter Bell and Amy Isard and Johanna D. Moore Institute for Language, ... 2006. Understanding complex nat- ural language explanations in tutorial applications. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding, ScaNaLU ’06, pages 17–24. Lars ... AT&T spoken language un- derstanding system. IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech & Language Processing, 14(1):213–222. Pamela W. Jordan, Maxim Makatchev, and Umarani Pappuswamy. 2006. Understanding...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 21:20

... efficient for both perfor- mance and time complexity. 2 Spoken Language Understanding as a Sequential Labeling Problem 2.1 Spoken Language Understanding The goal of SLU is to extract semantic mean- ings ... the statistical spoken language understanding (SLU) problem. The statistical natural language parsers trained on text perform unreliably to encode non-local informa- tion on spoken language. An alternative method ... inac- curate result of parsing is more serious in a spoken language understanding (SLU) task. In contrast to written language, spoken language loses much information including grammar, structure...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... 1 NL Engine Natural language processing in the Unisys natural language understanding (NLU) system (Dahl, Norton and Scholz (1998), Dahl (1992)) is done by a natural language (NL) engine with ... of Natural Language Processing Technology. Communications of the ACM, in press. Grishman R., Macleod C. and Wolf S. (1993) The Comlex syntax project. Proceedings of the ARPA Human Language ... names from ISI see text) 984 Integration of Large-Scale Linguistic Resources in a Natural Language Understanding System Lewis M. Norton, Deborah A. Dahl, Li Li, and Katharine P. Beals Unisys...

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... also be enforced by the parse preference component de- 57 GEMINI: A NATURAL LANGUAGE SYSTEM FOR SPOKEN -LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING* John Dowding, Jean Mark Gawron, Doug Appelt, John Bear, Lynn ... Language& quot;, Cog- nition, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 15-47. MADCOW (1992). "Multi-site Data Collection for a Spoken Language Corpus", in Proceedings of the DARPA Speech and Natural Language ... size, speed, coverage, and accuracy. These numbers detail our performance on the sub- domain of air-travel planning that is currently be- ing used by the ARPA spoken language under- standing...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 21:20

... menu approach to natural language input has many advantages over the traditional typing approach. Most importantly, every sentence that 156 MENU-BASED NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING Harry R. ... natural language interfaces the ability to understand larger and larger classes of input sentences. Tennant (1980) is one of the few attempts to consider the problem of evaluating natural language ... user will be guided to this paraphrase by the menus. The fact that the menu-based natural language understanding systems guide the user to the input he desires is also beneficial for two other...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 20:20

... {yeyiwang,alexac,milindm}@microsoft.com John Lee Spoken Language Systems MIT CSAIL Cambridge, MA 02139, USA jsylee@csail.mit.edu Abstract Spoken Language Understanding (SLU) addresses the problem ... model, which had already achieved an SLU accuracy at the same level as the best results reported on the ATIS data. 1 Introduction Spoken Language Understanding (SLU) addresses the problem ... problem is very expensive it requires joint expertise in natural language processing and speech recognition, and best practices in language engineering for every new domain. On the other hand,...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 02:21

... structure, or "logical form". There may be significant advantages for automatic spoken language understanding in such a theory. Most obviously, where in the past parsing and phono- logical ... ordination in the Grammar of Dutch and En- glish, Language 61.523-568. [16] Steedman, Mark: 1987. Combinatory grammars and parasitic gaps. Natural Language & Lin- guistic Theory, 5, 403-439. ... Conference of the ACL, Stanford, July 1987, 73 80. STRUCTURE AND INTONATION IN SPOKEN LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING* Mark Steedman Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania...

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... Riccardi University of Trento Italy riccardi@disi.unitn.it Abstract Spoken Language Understanding aims at mapping a natural language spoken sen- tence into a semantic representation. In the last ... probability evaluated by the Conceptual Language Model, described in the next section. 2.1 Stochastic Conceptual Language Model (SCLM) An SCLM is an n-gram language model built on semantic tags. ... re- ferred to as concepts. Concepts are instantiated by sequences of words, therefore a Spoken Language Understanding (SLU) module finds the association between words and concepts. In the last decade...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 21:20

... NLU there is a fun- damental asymmetry between the natural language and the unambiguous formal language. Most no- tably, one formal language word may frequently cor- respond to whole English ... Natural Language Understanding. Ph.D. thesis, New York University, September. Epstein, M., K. Papineni, S. Roukos, T. Ward, and S. Della Pietra. 1996. Statistical natural lan- guage understanding ... Goldman. 1991. Adaptive acquisition of language. Com- puter Speech and Language, 5:101-132. Hemphill, C., J. Godfrey, and G. Doddington. 1990. The ATIS spoken language systems pilot corpus. In...

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... but shorter than words, in other western languages (Hirsim ¨ aki et al., 2005). Chinese language, on the other hand, is quite different from western languages. There are no blanks between words ... recognition accuracy im- proves the SDR MAP performance. This seems trivial but we have to note the relative improve- ments. Actually the transformation ratios from the relative increased character accuracy ... Segmentation and Language Model Training If we regard the word segmentation process as a hidden variable, then we can apply EM algorithm (Dempster et al., 1977) to train the underlying n- gram language...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 07:20

... signifi- cantly affected by accuracy on num. We expected our system, which incorporates a tagger with good empirical (97.1%) accuracy on the test data, to re- cover this feature with 95% accuracy or better, ... listed imme- diately after it in Table 1. This allows comparison of overall accuracy on modifiers with, for instance overall accuracy on arguments. Figures in italics to the right are discussed in ... Sessions, pages 41–48, Sydney, July 2006. c 2006 Association for Computational Linguistics Evaluating the Accuracy of an Unlexicalized Statistical Parser on the PARC DepBank Ted Briscoe Computer...

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