estrogen s role in the regulation of appetite and body fat

... heterodimer and increases apoptosis The role of caspase-1 in apoptosis is not known, but in some conditions it may increase apoptosis Different symbols representing different proteins are shown in the ... Numbers representing different processes are also shown Possible role of HIP-1 and HIPPI in the pathogenesis of HD Various cellular processes, such as apoptosis and transcriptional dysregulation, ... transcription of caspase-1, and this warrants further studies A summary of the findings that HIPPI increases apoptosis and alters gene expression is shown in Fig Hi Pro-caspase-1 45 kDa Caspase-1 20 kDa...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 07:20

... the P1BS cis-acting element was present in the promoters of the genes SULTR1;3 and SULTR2;1, raising the possibility of the involvement of PHR1 in the crosstalk between sulfate and Pi signaling ... as central integrators of the Pi starvation response in Arabidopsis [37] Fine tuning of the crosstalk between the regulation of phosphorus and sulfur homeostasis, both at the transcriptional and ... Genotypesa A potential functional role of PHR1 in sulfate homeostasis was assessed by examining the root-to-shoot and shoot-to-root sulfate transfer in the phr1 mutant in comparison to the sultr1;3 and...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:21

... retardation, AP- 2s play vital roles in cell proliferation Besides the functions of AP- 2s in physiological processes, they have also crucial roles in pathological processes such as tumorigenesis and genetic ... genetic diseases [47] Most analyses of the regulation of AP-2 and the interactions of the transcription factor with binding partners, as well as of the regulation of target gene expression, have ... because of the severe skeletal defects in growth and the development of face and limbs [17–19] Donner et al tried to link the expression of AP-2a in these tissues to upstream signaling pathways They...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 09:20

... a-actinin-2 ()) Bundling proteins Coactivator Supervillin NLS F-actin- and membraneassociated scaffolding protein Filamin NLS? Cross-linking proteins Filamin A NLS? Cross-linking proteins Transgelin ... together, the small GTPase acts downstream of STARS, and it seems possible that ABLIM integrates signals from the small GTPases, Rac and RhoA (via STARS) toward the actin cytoskeleton Roles of ... -3, as STARS-interacting proteins These novel proteins contain four LIM domains and a C-terminal villin headpiece domain, which mediates actin-binding in several proteins, such as villin and dematin...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 01:20

... This suggests that the availability of metabolic energy is a rate-limiting step in the synthesis of GAL enzymes that constitute  5% of the total soluble proteins when the cell grows on galactose ... over-expression of Mrg19p could sequester Gal80p–Gal4p complex thereby decreasing galactokinase expression Consistent with this idea, over-expression of MRG19 does not suppress the constitutive expression ... It is possible that under these conditions (recall that over-expression of Mrg19p in a constitutive strain does not suppress galactokinase expression) the affect of squelching may not manifest...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 08:20

... mild asthma resulted in a significant increase in airway hyperresponsiveness that was associated with the elevation of sputum eosinophil numbers [17] A variety of findings suggest that atopic individuals ... to those involved in insulin signaling, the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, IRS2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)-6 [23] IRS1 and IRS2 regulate proliferation and ... on these cells T cells from asthmatic lungs show defective expression of Fas Co-culturing of T cells with IL-4 downregulates Fas expression on the cell surface The expression of IL-4 in the asthmatic...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 18:20

... carboxylesterases can increase the polarity of an exogenous substrate thus enhancing its elimination Exogenous substrates of carboxylesterases include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, salicylates, ... CAUXIN, CES5 Figure Multi-tissue Northern blot analysis of human carboxylesterases: Distribution of carboxylesterases in human tissues was examined using a multi-tissue Northern Blot purchased ... proteins: Based on the splicing shown in Figure there are six potential CES2 proteins The protein marked by the arrow is the most commonly studied isoform of CES2 Serine (S) , Glutamate (E), and...

Ngày tải lên: 24/08/2014, 12:18

... whether the CDE ⁄ CHR is involved in binding these factors Consistent with a function of p107 and p130 in the control of CDE ⁄ CHR promoters is the loss of regulation observed for the expression ... CHR Interestingly, some ortholog genes from mouse and human, such as cyclin B2 and Cdc25C, can be members of class I or class II depending on the species origin The tandem element in the mouse ... from the CHR consensus (Fig 2) Changing the distance between E2F and DRS sites in reporter constructs by the insertion of two or four nucleotides leads to derepression in G0 cells in reporter assays...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 09:20

... for a role of miRNAs in adipogenesis, there is still no evidence regarding expression of miRNAs in adipose tissues, especially their regulation associated with obesity Adipose tissue undergoes a ... adipocytes do, it is highly possible that both fat cells and stromal cells contribute to the overall increase of miR-27 in obese fat tissue, especially under stress conditions Further investigation is ... relevant role of miR-27 in the regulation of adipose tissue functions in vivo, we examined the expression of miR-27 in the genetically obese ob ⁄ ob mice The 2352 expression levels of both miR-27a and...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 08:20

... of GSK3 and GS To further understand the effects of Li and SB-415286 on cell signalling events we assessed their effects and that of insulin on p7 0S6 K, PKB, p42/p44 MAP kinases, GSK3 and GS PKB ... 0.01 (insulin), and in GSK 3S9 A expressing cells were 0.06 ± 0.03 (basal), 0.05 ± 0.01 (insulin)] Nevertheless, when GSK 3S9 A expressing cells were stimulated with insulin and glucose uptake assayed ... glucose uptake in insulin sensitive tissues [18–22] These observations raise the possibility that GSK3 may help to coordinate increases in glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis allowing for more...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 08:20

... of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase by this biofactor is more potent than its inhibition of fructose-1,6bisphosphatase This is a significant observation because it offers the first in vivo assessment of ... content in the liver requires tissue extraction, indirect evidence of ADM overexpression in the liver was assessed prior to the infusion of glucose from the fasting blood glucose using a glucose oxidase ... (256 scans, s repetition time) Glycogen syntheses via direct and indirect pathways are demonstrated from the increases of signal intensities of glycogen C1 and C6, respectively Data processing...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 17:20

... premium was set by statute in 1950 at 1/12 of 1% of the assessable deposits and was the same for all insured institutions regardless of the riskiness of their assets or the size of their equity ... makes up for the loss of business at the margin In the case of bank loans, the possibility of price discrimination simplifies the analysis, and may make it possible to define geographic markets ... the cluster of products and services that constitutes "commercial banking."43 This cluster includes consumer loans and consumer banking services as well as business loans and products.44 80 Some...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 08:20

... sister She never behaves with respect to the other Just because she is her sister – except perhaps in those cases when her mother says, “Give in to her.” In the game of sisters playing at “sisters,” ... are sisters: they are dressed alike, they walk about holding hands – in short, they enact whatever emphasizes their relationship as sisters visa-vis adults and strangers The elder, holding the ... change in motives and incentives to act What is of the greatest interest to the infant has almost ceased to interest the toddler This maturing of new needs and new motives for action is, of course,...

Ngày tải lên: 23/06/2014, 09:52

... of the two independent experiments SCRO.12.SF passage 2, SCRO.11.SF passage 3, SCRO.03.SF passage 8, SCRO.01.SF passage and SCRO.08.SF passage were used *P < 0.005 versus TNF-α (Student 's t-test) ... competing interests Authors' contributions JD was principle investigator, and designed most of the studies, carried out most of the assays and wrote the manuscript AK (Allard Kaptein) helped in ... biopsies Cells (1 × 105/well) were incubated in the presence and absence of TNF-α and in the presence of SN50 for hours, as described in Materials and methods Results are representative for one of...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 07:20

... the stress response also increased expression of IκB-α [19] It seems that the stress response affects NF-κBmediated gene regulation by at least two independent mechanisms: the stress response stabilizes ... inhibition of nonstress protein gene expression [36,37] The stress proteins mediate cellular and tissue protection against diverse cytotoxic stimuli The stress response and stress proteins confer protection ... hemorrhagic shock induces profound changes in the physiologic processes of many tissues and activates inflammatory cascades that include the activation of stress transcriptional factors and the upregulation...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 19:21

... conditions of oxidative or ischemic stresses Altogether, the data suggest a complex type of involvement of RTP801 in the pathogenesis of ischemic diseases 52 A hypothetical schematic depicting the role ... synthase during the ischemic phase of HS may involve the activation of HIF-1 Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 during HS contributes to prostaglandin production The lungs of rats subjected ... shock (HS) initiates an inflammatory response that includes increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and production of prostaglandins [53] Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 19:21

... to be observed in these less sensitive assays This interaction is simply too weak to be observed in these less sensitive assays There is also a band in Figure 11b at 32 kDa that is consistent with ... the removal of the C-terminus of Ku80, thus revealing a small possible role for the Cterminus of Ku80 in the recovery process of oxidative stress The second mutant contained the final 142 amino ... by Coomassie Blue staining Band intensity was assessed via digitization of the gel image using Fuji Mulitgauge software The intensity was normalized and plotted versus distance for the indicated...

Ngày tải lên: 24/08/2014, 11:02

... Syntaxin Syntaxin Syntaxin Syntaxin Syntaxin Syntaxin Syntaxin Syntaxin Syntaxin 10 Syntaxin 11 Syntaxin 13 Syntaxin 16 Syntaxin 17 Syntaxin 18 Syntaxin 19 Syntaxin 20 Syntaxin 21 SNAP-23 SNAP-25 SNAP-29 ... transmembrane carriers or channels, the transport of macromolecules such as proteins occurs in several different ways (Alberts et al., 2008) The synthesis of most proteins occurs in the cytosol Their ... its cytosolic side, which are involved in producing all the transmembrane proteins and soluble proteins destined for the biosynthetic/secretory pathway All of these proteins contain specific signal...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 09:02

... is phosphorylated at serine-15 and serine-20, displacing Mdm2 from the N-terminus, leading to an increase in the protein levels of p53 (Figure 1.2) Activated p53 is then capable of inducing the ... 2.12 The stability of c-Jun protein Several studies suggest that multiple proteolytic machineries, including the proteasomes, lysosomes, and ubiquitous calpains, may participate in the destruction ... induces apoptosis by potentiating the expression of scotin, PUMA and Bax (Rossi et al, 2005) 1.3.6.1 Regulation in response to DNA damage signals Like p53, p73 is induced in response to various DNA...

Ngày tải lên: 16/09/2015, 15:55

... features seven cysteine residues and a histidine residue spatially arranged in a cysteine4-histidine-cysteine3 (Cys4His-Cys3) consensus with intervening sequences varying in length and composition ... 1, In a PHD finger, two zinc atoms are coordinated by the cysteine and histidine residues in a cross-brace fashion reminiscent of the zinc coordination found in the RING finger In contrast, the ... progression 104 FIGURE 21C: Protein decay analysis of Geminin expression in the absence or presence of cyclin E/Cdk2 overexpression 105 FIGURE 21D: Protein decay analysis of Geminin expression in the...

Ngày tải lên: 16/09/2015, 17:12