estimation of the shadow exchange rate
Revision of Nominal Effective Exchange Rate (NEER) and Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) Indices.doc
... prices for these countries IV EXCHANGE RATE The Special Drawing Right (SDR) has been chosen as the numeraire currency in the construction of REER/ NEER indices since the exchange value of the SDR ... form V BASE YEAR The monthly average of the REER and NEER for the base year is benchmarked to the level of 100 As against the practice of having three base years in the case of existing five-country ... monthly exchange rates and prices for 36 currencies is the IFS of the International Monetary Fund2 With the IFS providing data on exchange rate and prices with a lag of at least three months, the...
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Tài liệu THE ESTIMATION OF THE EFFECTIVE REPRODUCTIVE NUMBER FROM DISEASE OUTBREAK DATA pdf
... by taking the square roots of ˆ the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix Σn GLS The values of the weights involved in the GLS estimation depend on the values of the fitted model These values ... proportional to the square of the predicted incidence: wj = 1/[z(tj ; θ)]2 On the other hand, if ρ = 1/2, then the weights are proportional to the reciprocal of the predicted incidence; these correspond ... reported by the CDC in the US during the 1999–00 season [12] The number of H3N2 cases (isolates) is displayed as a function of time Time is measured as the number of weeks since the start of the year’s...
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Tài liệu Taxes and the Economy: An Economic Analysis of the Top Tax Rates Since 1945 docx
... clarify whether or not there is an association between the tax rates of the highest income taxpayers and economic growth Data is analyzed to illustrate the association between the tax rates of the highest ... concepts of tax rates The first is the marginal tax rate or the tax rate on the last dollar of income If a taxpayer’s income were to increase by $1, the marginal tax rate indicates what proportion of ... concept of tax rates is the average tax rate, which is the proportion of all income that is paid in taxes An examination of the trend in the average tax rate provides information on how the tax...
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Báo cáo khoa học: Cellulose crystallinity – a key predictor of the enzymatic hydrolysis rate pptx
... slowdown of the reaction rate but, so far, no mechanistic explanation of the slowdown has been validated The substrate characteristics often implied in the slowdown of the reaction rate include ... processivity are often cited as causes of the slowdown [14,29,30] One of the most controversial theories concerns the influence of crystallinity and the change of the degree of crystallinity during ... complex substrates because the presence of lignin or hemicellulose may interfere with the action of cellulase and reduce accessibility, and therefore the hydrolysis rates [29,40,41] Another important...
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To Cut or Not to Cut? That is the (Central Bank’s) Question In Search of the Neutral Interest Rate in Latin America pdf
... depreciation of the domestic currency, and for the country risk premium In turn, the expected nominal rate of depreciation is given by the rate of depreciation of the real exchange rate, , and the domestic-international ... following system of equations: where is the nominal short-run (90-day paper) interest rate, the neutral nominal interest rate, stands for the rate of inflation, is the inflation target of the central ... between the level of the policy rate the SELIC—and the level of public debt, given that about half of the domestic public debt is indexed to the SELIC This restricts the degrees of freedom for monetary...
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WORKING PAPER SERIES NO. 393 / SEPTEMBER 2004: THE DETERMINANTS OF THE OVERNIGHT INTEREST RATE IN THE EURO AREA doc
... at the last day of the RMP This implies that the interbank rate jumps to the marginal lending rate Since the interest rate on a given day is a function of the expected rate at the last day of the ... amount of underbidding does not push the expected interbank rate to the marginal lending rate It does increase the expected rate and therefore also the current interbank rate, but the amount of the ... both the size of underbidding and the slope of the demand curve There is then an equilibrium amount of underbidding, equalizing the current minimum bid rate with the expected interest rate at the...
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An estimation of the economic impact of chronic noncommunicable diseases in selected countries ppt
... presentation of the results of the analysis; The discussion of the results including a brief discussion on the sensitivity of the forecast to the assumptions in the model Linkages between disease and the ... indication of model sensitivity rather than the sensitivity to the assumptions on the variables The results were robust to even large changes in the majority of the assumptions, including the costs of ... computed by the model and the GBD projected estimates The impact on the estimates is subtracted out of the estimates of lost income Model assumptions The characteristic model assumptions for the simple...
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Taxes and the Economy: An Economic Analysis of the Top Tax Rates Since 1945 (Updated) pptx
... The correlation of the change in the growth of the monetary base with the top statutory tax rate is 0.031 and with the top capital gains tax rate is 0.003 The correlation of the average tax rate ... capital gains The second concept of tax rates is the average or effective tax rate, which is the proportion of all income that is paid in taxes An examination of the trend in the average tax rate provides ... statutory capital gains tax rate there seems to be a positive relationship the higher the tax rate, the higher the saving ratio The observed correlation between the tax rates and the saving ratio, however,...
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Báo cáo toán học: " Dilemmas in the reliable estimation of the in-vitro cell viability in magnetic nanoparticle engineering: which tests and what protocols?" doc
... could be due to a number of factors, either the presence of the MNPs both intracellular and on the membrane of the cells or the nanoparticles themselves interfere with the reagents In our experiments, ... understanding of the degree of cytotoxicity of the MNPs, we also investigated the effect the polymer-coated nanoparticles had on the integrity of the cell membrane and oxidative stress the MNPs elicited ... of one further centrifugation step at the end of the MTT assay in order to lyse the cells and discard the cellular components and CNT particles could reduce interferences caused by the CNTs They...
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Báo cáo hóa học: " Research Article Blind Estimation of the Phase and Carrier Frequency Offsets for LDPC-Coded Systems" potx
... denotes the number of rows in the parity check matrix of the code, uk is the number of nonzero elements in the kth row of the parity check matrix and niter is the number of iterations of the optimization ... the phase offset of the channel The proposed method of blind estimation of the phase offset is based on a MAP approach in the sense of maximizing the probability that a phase θ corresponds to the ... achieve the estimation After having estimated the CFO using the method proposed in Section 2.1, we correct the rotation of the received samples then apply the proposed algorithm of phase offset estimation...
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báo cáo hóa học:" Dilemmas in the reliable estimation of the in-vitro cell viability in magnetic nanoparticle engineering: which tests and what protocols?" potx
... could be due to a number of factors, either the presence of the MNPs both intracellular and on the membrane of the cells or the nanoparticles themselves interfere with the reagents In our experiments, ... understanding of the degree of cytotoxicity of the MNPs, we also investigated the effect the polymer-coated nanoparticles had on the integrity of the cell membrane and oxidative stress the MNPs elicited ... attached to either the cell membrane or the bottom of the plate, appearing as a brown colour in the well (even after five washes with fresh culture media) (data not shown) The presence of these MNPs...
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Báo cáo hóa học: " Research Article TSI Finders for Estimation of the Location of an Interference Source Using an Ariborne Array" docx
... discuss the available techniques for identifying the DOA of sources The main body of the work concentrates on the application of the TSI finders for identifying the physical location of the source of ... additional processing to extract all of the information of interest The rest of the paper assumes the receiver processing has clearly identified the direction of arrival of the offending source Under this ... SOURCE LOCATION The diagram in Figure illustrates the geometry of the scenario related to the selected TSI path of the mainlobe interference only The unit vector pointing from the array to source...
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Báo cáo hóa học: "Convergence in the Calculation of the Handoff Arrival Rate: A Log-Time Iterative Algorithm" potx
... decreasing The following theorem asserts the convergence of the computation, in all cases, to the desired value Theorem Assume the use of (11) for the calculation of the successive values of λh (k) ... in the proof of Theorem immediately, leads to the following two corollaries The technique of showing that the successive iterations of λh (k) produce calculated values for the handoff arrival rate ... have the following: λh (1) = λ∗ =⇒ either λh (1) > λh (0) or λh (1) < λh (0) h (30) Here are the theorems on monotonic convergence of the proposed algorithm Theorem Assume the use of (11) for the...
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Báo cáo lâm nghiệp: "Estimation of the biomass stock of trees in Sweden: comparison of biomass equations and age-dependent biomass expansion factors" ppsx
... both of the evaluated methods, the biomass estimates of the intermediate age-classes of forests were more accurate than those of the youngest and oldest age-classes Of the tree species, the errors ... especially for the possible presence of bias, before they can be used in the national inventories Furthermore, it is evident that the time series of the inventory, i.e the biomass estimates of the earlier ... pine The uncertainty in the biomass estimates of birch was high, since the number of birch stands was low in both the material used for formulation of the BEFs, and in the Swedish data on which the...
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Báo cáo khoa học: " Interactions between Scots pine, Ips acuminatus (Gyll.) and Ophiostoma brunneo-ciliatum (Math.): estimation of the critical thresholds of attack and inoculation densities and effects on hydraulic properties in the stem" pdf
... both in the phloem and the sapwood in response to bark inoculation They may therefore, together with the development of the fungus, have a negative impact on the water conducting ability of the sapwood, ... Impact of the density of inoculations with Ophiostoma brunneo-ciliatum into bark of young Scots pine trees on: (a) the length of the induced reaction zones in the bark tissues; (b) the fraction of ... potential The most striking result was the significant but nonlinear relationship between the amount of damage and the loss of conductivity; the latter increasing much faster then the former Loss of...
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Báo cáo khoa hoc:" Estimation of the genetic parameters of sexual dimorphism of body weight in ’label’ chickens and Muscovy ducks" potx
... 2.2 Analysis The analysis model was: where yZ!k is the performance of the jth animal from the kth dam, reared in the ith hatch, a the direct genetic effect of the jth animal, m! the maternal ... from the kth dam, ez!! the residual of the jth animal from the kth dam, reared in the ith hatch and cov(a, m) the covariance matrix between the vector of direct genetic effects (a) and the vector ... dimorphism and the other traits were computed between sexual correlations a similar in way The heritability of the ratio of the male trait to the female trait (R) was approximated using Sutherland’s...
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Báo cáo sinh học: "Use of sib-pair linkage methods for the estimation of the genetic variance at a quantitative trait locus" pps
... the proportion of genes ibd at the the expectation of Y is: j QTL (!r!t), Elston (1990) shows that where is the additive genetic variance due to the QTL and aethe variance of the difference of ... simulation were: (i) the distance between the markers (0 ) t (ii) the position of the QTL between the markers as expressed by and (iii) the size of the QTL effect The distance between the markers was ... loci contribute little or nothing to the estimation of t r In the estimation of the QTL variance, Method I is characterized by the overestimation of if the true value is small In practice, this...
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Báo cáo y học: "Estimation of the cost of treatment by chemotherapy for early breast cancer in Morocco" ppsx
... however, the high cost of this new generation of treatment The main objective of the present study is to provide an evaluation of the total cost of chemotherapy in the early stages of breast ... alleviate the disease burden in general and the cost of breast cancer in particular Methods The first step was the estimation of the individual cost according to the therapeutic sub-groups of breast ... evaluate the cost of individual treatment, we need the following information: 1) the unit price of different drugs used in adjuvant treatment of breast cancer, 2) the kind of therapy according to the...
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Báo cáo y học: "Estimation of the diameter and cross-sectional area of the internal jugular veins in adult patients" ppsx
... when the advantage of right over left IJV cannulation was discussed [1] The aim of this prospective study was to validate the hypothesis that the diameter of the right IJV is greater than the ... USA) during the study period The primary goal of this study was to validate the hypothesis that the diameter of the right IJV is greater than the left one, and secondary to determine the cross-sectional ... measured at the level of the cricoid cartilage (Figure 1) The level of the cricoid cartilage was chosen because this corresponds to the central approach (apex of the triangle formed by the medial...
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Báo cáo y học: "Allometric scaling of the maximum metabolic rate of mammals: oxygen transport from the lungs to the heart is a limiting step" pdf
... venous end of pulmonary capillaries minus the diastolic pressure in the left atrium (denoted PLA) The output of oxygen by the left ventricle of the heart into the aorta is equal to the input of oxygen ... Therefore, the scaling of Fmax with body size depends largely on the scaling of Ip The impedance of the pulmonary venous network is a consequence of its physical structure and the viscosity of ... 56005 24225 a measured value of the uptake rate minus the logarithm of the uptake rate predicted by the model for a mammal of the experimentally measured weight M The technique is termed least...
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