... learned them from the fishermen off the northern coast, so were the Spaniards at first kindly welcomed by the aborigines they encountered inthe New World Yet, inthe north-east and south-west the ... from the island; and the exactions imposed upon the inhabitants have increased in proportion as other colonies of Spain, inthe western world, have revolted and obtained their independence The ... proficients in their use, as well as possessing fine vocal powers The voice is cultivated among the gentlemen as often as with the ladies Music inthe open air and inthe evening has an invincible...
... oal M atural as M M M io ass M M M uclear ower ydroelectric M M M ther enewable nergy ources M M M M M M M M M M ...
... into and cross the animal’s skin Once inside the pig, they grow into mature worms again and the cycle can start again 14 Pig keeping inthetropicsThe eggs and the larvae inthe soil can die ... goals In general the creation of a ‘savings account’ or ‘insurance policy’ remains the most important strategy underlying this form of pig 12 Pig keeping inthetropics keeping Nevertheless in areas ... towards the needs of the household It also has the effect of strengthening the women’s economic position Keeping scavenging pigs requires a minimum amount of inputs The financial risks involved in...
... easily swept clean The pigs can be ringed to stop them rooting inthe soil In Europe special pig rings (small pieces of iron) are sold, which are pinched into the upper part of the nose (snout) ... suffice, with an opening between the wall and the roof In windy areas, the roof (or ceiling) should not be too high, otherwise the pen will cool down too quickly inthe strong winds Completely open ... rain or drought Strong sunlight is bad for them, as it causes their skin to dry out Albino pigs especially cannot endure the sun because they have no pigment inthe skin and they soon...
... swelling of the vulva, which is more obvious in gilts than in sows Another sign is that other sows inthe pen start to mount the sow on heat The clearest indication is the reaction of the sow to the ... disorder affecting sows after farrowing is an inflammation of the uterus (metritis) or of the udder (mastitis) 42 Pig keeping inthetropics Sometimes they are found in combination The sow appears ... containing boiling water (bain-marie) 44 Pig keeping inthetropics If a sow dies whilst farrowing her piglets will not have learnt to drink The milk should be fed on a little spoon or in a feeding...
... stage in their pregnancy Some animals may become crippled (inflammation of the joints) and boars may develop an inflammation of the scrotum, with swelling and pain There is no treatment for this The ... allowed on the site New animals should be blood-tested by the veterinary service 54 Pig keeping inthetropics Prevention: an infected animal brought in from outside (such as a boar) is usually the ... cause (the disease can be transmitted by mating) If the sow is mated off the farm she may return with the disease One should be very cautious when bringing outside animals onto the site The disease...
... the 58 Pig keeping inthetropics stomach to produce protein or to increase the quality of the protein inthe food received.) Vitamin and mineral sources In a varied diet the vitamin supply will ... until they start to join 62 Pig keeping inthetropicsthe sow eating from the trough The sow should be kept away from the piglets’ feed Ideally the piglets should get a little animal protein (18%) ... more appetising as it consist of 50% sugar! Protein sources Here again not only the quantity but also the quality is important The quality is determined by the origin of the protein Protein of animal...
... rhythm Increasing stress for better flowering Fitting crop care operations inthe growth cycle Forcing synchronous flushing/flowering 47 47 50 52 Fruit growing inthetropics 7.1 7.2 Pollination ... of uncertainty in producing a crop and, if there is a good crop to be picked, there is still the uncertainty of the market There is truth inthe saying that producing a fruit crop is the lesser ... flowers (in connection with pollination), the fruit, the seed and the common methods of propagation No flowers, no fruits! Scanty flowering is the main reason for disappointing crops inthe tropics...
... crops are grown in home gardens, but only those that bear good crops are found in more commercial cropping systems 12 Fruit growing inthetropics Some fruits are only found growing inthe wild; all ... only highyielding; they also need only a short period from planting to full production, and they remain small Pineapple and banana, the plantation crops, show these properties inthe extreme 2.3 ... 1930 to 1970 the average number of trees per increased from 100 to 2,500 (the spacing decreased from 10m x 10m to 3.20m x 1.25m) In these 40 years the mean yield inthe country increased from...
... growing point, as in cocoa and often in citrus shoots More often the growing point forms a resting terminal bud, covered in bud scales, as in mango Inthe ‘resting’ bud the growing point continues ... development in axils of these tiny leaf initials In other words: the events that lead to flowering on new shoots commonly start on the resting twig 24 Fruit growing inthetropics Figure 4: Flowering ... as inthe subtropics Inthetropicsthe dry season often does not check shoot growth effectively, resulting in large trees and insufficient twig rest to ensure good flowering and fruiting In the...
... inserted inthe mother tree Inarching may be considered as a form of approach grafting First a rootstock is raised; grafting consists of cutting back its stem and inserting the cut end into the scion ... suppressed by the other embryo(s) That is why many mango and citrus cultivars can be propagated true to kind from seed 38 Fruit growing inthetropics Grafting on a mother tree inthe field In approach ... trees remain smaller and can be planted close together More trees per means further increases inthe early crops! Taking the cuttings from a high-yielding mother tree also contributes to increased...
... of the shoot, leaving only a stub; ? Cutting out or thinning: removing the entire shoot by a cut at the point of attachment 42 Fruit growing inthetropics Figure 11: Growth response to cutting ... growing conditions (generous manuring, timely watering) are of course needed to sustain the growth of the main arms and to support the growth of all these side shoots Training: pruning and bending ... decline in fruit quality Examples of cutting out in young trees include the removal of upright branches in durians which will dominate the feathery horizontal branches (See figure 5) and, in the...
... polythene around the trunk to cover the girdle speeds up healing of the wound (olive) To reduce the risk (some of) the major limbs may be girdled instead of the trunk 48 Fruit growing inthetropics ... wide rings Striking improvements in flowering and yield, linked with suppressed flushing and much shorter shoots, have been obtained in young mango trees by tying a length of twine tightly inthe ... and slashes spiralling time should guide you in de- around the trunk (right) termining when to girdle Pruning In a few crops removal of the shoots of a flush occurring within the last few months...
... make-up, pollination within a clone is still selfpollination 56 Fruit growing inthetropics Continued self-pollination in successive generations leads to inbreeding, meaning a narrowing of genetic ... staminate and perfect flowers The flowering habit of the fruit crops in this Agrodok is presented inthe Appendix Flowering habits are rather varied There are, for instance, papaya cultivars in ... trees, interplant these trees inthe rows A windscreen may be needed to create shelter for the insects during the flowering season (often hot, dry and windy) A beekeeper can assist by placing hives...