epidemiological concepts in the measurement of disease occurrence

... number of occurrences for the second 6-month period of winter (November to April) On the null hypothesis that the occurrence in summer is the same as the winter, then following equation (2.2), the ... Uncertain Seasonal data are usually presented and analysed in the form of a series of 12 monthly totals, these being the numbers of persons presented with the disease of interest in a given month of ... the term periodic regression, of the use of sinusoids in the analysis of the biological cycles The simplest sine curve is a generalization of Roger’s method of the form Y = α + β1 cosθ + γ sin...

Ngày tải lên: 16/09/2015, 17:11

... correlated with the total score of the hypothesized domain than with the total scores of either of the two remaining domains (Table 3), supporting the proposed model Cronbach’s Alpha values obtained after ... U.S population Page of 11 Literature review The first step in the process of refining the SCOPADC was to gain a sound understanding of the full spectrum of PD symptoms, their interconnections and ... to the unexpected and overwhelming effect of fatigue and described how the physical challenges of being in public were often the precursor to feelings of anxiety Feelings of frustration over the...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 15:20

... reasons In conclusion, independent of the applied therapeutic management of the disease, there was neither a clinical relevant benefit nor a worsening of symptoms in our investigated group of patients ... 22.9 4.2 The differences of 100 % correspond to the missing details The following symptoms appeared in either a moderate or severe form in more than 50% of the patients: disturbances in getting to ... 3): Pattern of pain at time point T0 In their pain history 4.2% of the patients reported a dramatic onset of pain over a short period of time, 16.7% reported a slow progression of pain over a longer...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 08:20

... up The total scores for each of the eight scales were then converted to points from to 100, with denoting the worst state of health and 100 denoting the best (10, 11) The following were the independent ... 224 individuals in Singapore, also using the SF-36® (23) The present study found that the most prevalent chronic diseases had a significant influence on the quality of life of the elderly individual ... less of an influence on HRQOL than did the other diseases studied This may be explained by the fact that there are more structured programs for the follow up of these diseases, thereby facilitating...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 21:20

... with these disorders, they have undergone significant distinct alterations in brain metabolism The increasing use of brain PET stems from the high sensitivity of this imaging tool in identifying ... alterations The third chapter looks at the full spectrum of changes in glucose metabolism detectable with PET in monitoring the course of cognitive decline, beginning before the emergence of the first ... strategies for obtaining relevant information include enlisting the assistance of nurses or trained staff to interview patients or family on the telephone or at the office before seeing the physician...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 23:20

... the amount of the interacting proteins but also on the affinities of interacting proteins The uncreased expression of caspase-1 observed in HD may be mediated through HIPPI The role of HIP-1 in ... Some of the Htt-interacting proteins also alter the pathogenicity in the Drosophila model of HD [13] Among  300 Htt-interacting proteins described so far, HIP-1 is one of the most studied The ... ENTH domain of HIP-1 interacts with 3-phosphate containing inositol lipids and stabilizes the growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases by increasing their half-life following ligand induced endocytosis...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 07:20

... these lines were begun at the Build local infrastructure through teams PASCAR meeting in Nairobi in 2007 There are also many models There is no point in training a surgeon who has no local infrastruc- ... needs to be promoted for the sake of the millions who already an issue for Africans seeking training have crippling RHD in Africa An example of coordinated training is the Namibian Heart Project: ... begins, complex cases being flown to up in most of the major centres in South Africa, and also a few in mentor institutions Africa, including in Egypt and Uganda However, while this phase of...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 11:20

... comparing the current local health status with a theoretical minimum counterfactual with the lowest possible risk The attributable fraction of disease burden in the population is determined by the ... prevalence of exposure to the risk factor in the population and the relative risk (RR) of disease occurrence given exposure Using an approach consistent with that used in most epidemiological studies in ... exposure in these groups Furthermore, although the related chronic diseases would not yet manifest in the 15 - 29-year age group, the development of these diseases at older ages is a consequence of...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 18:20

... out of six of the children defined "go out" as going outside to something or to play outside This resulted in some of the children factoring the weather into the state of their asthma Another ... defined their interactions with the opposite sex differently than that of their own – it seemed like since the question mentioned the sexes independently it divides the incidence of "doing things" ... turn pages in a book All of the children mentioned books or magazines when describing the meaning of the question Two out of five of the children recommended rewording the question to include "turn...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... located west of Brno, in the vicinity of the Brno Dam, and the second area (area B) was situated northeast of Brno, on the southern border of the forest ground belonging to the Křtiny Training Forest ... height above the geoid (h = H – N) In the Czech Republic, the geoid height above the ellipsoid N ranges approximately in the interval from 42.5 m in the east to 47 m in the west (Hrdina et al 1996) ... Enterprise (Fig 2) The measurement in area A was tested at points of known coordinates and in area B at points Individual points were selected so as to represent the variable conditions of the forest...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 10:21

... inhaled antigen in the lung and present it in an immunogenic or tolerogenic form into the draining lymph nodes.30,31 The essential role of lung pDCs in preventing the cardinal features of asthma has ... in the mucosa, as well as the number of mast cells in the skin27 and the IgE-mediated release of histamine by basophils.3,28 Also, a significant decrease in nasal eosinophils after years of sublingual ... Clinical Immunology, Volume 4, Number 3, 2008 sites of allergen challenge following SIT.23,24 Furthermore, SIT reduces the seasonal increases in the number of basophils and eosinophils25,26 in...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 21:20

... reviewed the manuscript All authors contributed to the revisions of the text and approved the final version of this manuscript Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests ... until further analysis Protein measurements The total protein content of serum samples was quantified using BCA protein measurement (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA) according to the manufacturer’s ... [15,16] There is relative paucity of data on the role of complement proteins in anorexia nervosa in the literature and no correlations were made between complement levels and the severity of disease...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 01:21

... radiotherapy protocol, the 3Dconformal therapy contains beams, whereas in SSIMRT, dose is distributed within 7-9 beams The distribution of low doses is broader in a larger volume in SSIMRT Using the ... be taken into consideration, e g circulation of the lymphocytes in the body during irradiation [4] The purpose of this study is to visualize the cellular effect of ionizing radiation during prostate ... to compare them to our generated DLHs: in general, the volume percentage in the DVH refers to the contoured volume of the CT-scanned part of the body (aortic bifurcation to the thigh) The data...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 09:20

... chain These residues are part of an α-helical domain forming one side of the antigen-presenting binding site The SE hypothesis postulates that the SE motif itself is directly involved in the ... damage in RA is therefore required The increasing comprehension of the role of genetics in disease outcome in RA may promote the development of personalized medicine Although the prospects of RA ... determining the severity of RA [46], the heritability of the level of joint destruction (the variance of joint destruction that can be ascribed to genetic factors) is still unknown Joint damage in...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 10:23

... the other hand, those micro-organisms are also capable of stimulating an immune response in BD Most tissue studies of the pathophysiology of BD are conducted in skin One of the unique and diseasespecific ... endothelial growth factor markers such as E-selectin, P-selectin, and endoglin are linked to SPR [9] Infiltrating cells are mainly of the HLA-DR+/CD3+/CD4+/CD45RO+ type [10] Other observations include ... or more intensively treated BD patients These results can then be compared with various other inflammatory diseases in order to obtain greater insight into the immune-related etiology of BD and...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:20

... Therapy Vol 11 No Kappen et al in colonic tissue of a BD patient, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17A appear to be key cytokines, even in a treated patient Competing interests The authors declare that they ... competing interests References Cañete JD, Celis R, Noordenbos T, Moll C, Gómez-Puerta JA, Pizcueta P, Palacin A, Tak PP, Sanmartí R, Baeten D: Distinct synovial immunopathology in Behçet disease ... impact the level of LMO2 expression in T-ALL Blood 2007, 110:388-392 Yazici H, Fresko I, Yurdakul S: Behçet’s syndrome: disease manifestations, management, and advances in treatment Nat Clin Pract...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... respect to their prominence and influence in the network The aim of this study was to examine the connectedness in a newly established regional ParkinsonNet of health professionals involved in the treatment ... name indicating whether this person was known to the participant and another box to indicate whether this person was involved in professional contacts so far Knowing each other was defined in the ... following published guidelines [15] We examined the reciprocity of reported connections as an indicator of the reliability of the data collection instrument Then we replaced missing values of the...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:20

... by inverting the rear foot with medial varus wedging combined with a small notch in the cuboid area [34] The authors have anticipated that the use of a medical varus wedging device is contraindicated ... standardised icing and stretching program The participants will be asked to ice for 10 minutes a day, during the initial stage of Figure Heel raise shoe orthoses Page of treatment (one month) The icing ... reschedule the appointment In the case of non-attendance, the Oxford Foot and Ankle Questionnaire will be posted with a reply-paid, addressed envelope In the case of nonreturn of the questionnaire,...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 21:24

... the mean occurred by summating the values, then dividing by the number of trials (3), whereas the median was defined as the middle value of the three captured trials The median was calculated ... 411.87 Lesser toes thus yielding a more reliable outcome Therefore, the authors recommend the use of the median value in place of the mean value in future studies using the TekScan MatScan® system ... when interpreting the findings First, healthy young participants were recruited, so the reliability of these measurements cannot necessarily be generalised to other clinical populations Confounding...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 21:24

... demonstrated Vasopressin inhibits the synthesis of iNOS, blunts the increase in cGMP induced by NO and directly inactivates KATP channels in vascular smooth muscle [10] Moreover, vasopressin is able to ... mcg/kg/min Arginine-vasopressin (Pitressin; Monarch Pharmaceuticals, Bristol, United Kingdom) infusion was started at a rate of 0.0003 U.I./Kg/min Within minutes, a pump flow at 100 ml/kg/min generated ... (iv) boluses of 500 mcg of epinephrine (by institutional protocol: 25 mcg/kg every minutes) were given while oxygen inspiratory fraction was increased to CPB was instituted in minutes in order to...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:20