environmental fate and transformations of veterinary pharmaceuticals

... degradation of paracetamol and diclofenac and identify the main byproducts formed.43,44 Both processes proved to be effective in inducing the degradation of both xenobiotics and achieved degrees of mineralization ... mineralization of approximately 30 and 40% for ozonation and H2O2 photolysis, respectively © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 224 Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment ... Holten Lutzhoft, H.C., and Jorgensen, S.E Occurrence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environment—a review, Chemosphere 1998, 36, 357–393 Daughton, C.G and Ternes, T.A Pharmaceuticals...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... Hernandez Hanafi Russell We thank the U.S EPA (Office of Water; Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; National Center for Environmental Assessment) and the faculty members of ... involved exposure of male and female rats to cadmium chloride in drinking water, from the beginning of gestation, through postnatal growth and maturation and one round of mating of the F1 generation ... Shankland, RS, Selby, SM (1961) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 43rd Edition Chemical Rubber Publishing Company, Cleveland Hutton, M (1987) Human health concerns of lead, mercury, cadmium and...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 23:22

... detection limits 9.3.5 Develop and maintain a system of control charts to plot the precision and accuracy of analyte and surrogate measurements as a function of time Charting of surrogate recoveries ... (FD1 and FD2) Two separate samples collected at the same time and place under identical circumstances, and treated exactly the same throughout field and laboratory procedures Analyses of FD1 and ... solutions 3.12 Calibration Standard (CAL) A solution prepared from the primary dilution standard solution or stock standard solutions and the internal standards and surrogate analytes The CAL...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 14:20

... area of 1m2 would not be complicated by expanding to a 10m2 basin as long as there is a minimum of 0.7m of fine sand, and time is given for the biofilm to form Material access to sand, gravel, and ... 30 C Ray and R Jain The Uttarakhand state of India is located in the northern regions of the country, nestled against China and Nepal The region of Uttarakhand is the origin of many of the two ... availability of spare part and materials, and technical knowledge required for repairs), energy consumed (either MJ/h or kW/h), and reliability (as a function of total number of serial components and...

Ngày tải lên: 30/05/2014, 22:56

... the production of this book, I would like to thank Thomas Ginn, Jr., of the Cobb County–Marietta Water Authority for providing application data, and Bill Sandidge of Instrumentation and Design, ... clarifying some of the issues with software and SCADA integration Most of the manufacturers have been generous in providing materials and information Thanks to Dr Holger Sommer of ART Instruments, ... Bob Bryant of Chemtrac Systems, Greg McIntosh of the Hach Company, and last but certainly not least, John Hunt of Pacific Scientific, with whom I first worked with particle counters, and who has...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... industry, in spite of the technological shortcomings B CRYPTOSPORIDIUM AND GIARDIA A handful of major outbreaks of waterborne disease in recent years have been traced to the presence of Cryptosporidium ... integrity of the membrane is compromised, a large burst of particles will pass through A small pinhole in the membrane material can become a source of thousands of particles, because of the pressure ... with the initial sand filter stage of an RO process This filter was producing a large number of particles between and 10 µm, which were passing straight through the 10 µm pre-filter and shortening...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... are the same as those for the standard turbidimeter Note that the bottom and the top of the pipe make poor choices, because of air and sedimentation The side of the pipe is a better choice, but ... acceptable limits The relation of flow rate to performance is discussed in Parts II and III of this book Most of the other sampling locations, such as settling basins, clear-wells, and reservoirs, are kept ... as the particle counter These meters are usually designed to handle special chemicals, and are often made of materials designed to handle corrosive or high-purity liquids This drives the cost up...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... type of approach is a less than intelligent one, to put it nicely A brief analogy should help make the problem more understandable Serial data are a combination of thousands of “on” and “off” ... digital format by means of high-speed electronic circuitry Digital information can be transmitted without error because it consists of a pattern of on and off or high and low signal levels Whereas ... equipment From a cost standpoint, it is straightforward to estimate the number of particle counters as well as the computer and software The only variables are cabling lengths and installation The...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... laboratory sample-handling and testing skills c Particle counter sample collection and handling This involves a lot of “hands-on” work with the grab sampler Have each operator collect and run the same ... small” and determine how useful particle counting is before sinking a lot of money into a full-blown system Both of these considerations are valid, and not to be dismissed lightly However, both of ... with after the mandatory tasks of the day have been completed The grab-sample particle counter will require a substantial amount of time and effort to produce a significant picture of overall plant...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... of cell width cidence is usually presented as the number of particles for which the measured counts fall within 10% of the actual number of particles present This number is the total number of ... is a good example of electronic noise Even the highest-fidelity audio system produces some of this type of noise, which becomes audible as the volume is increased Every type of electronic device ... cell windows cause minute scattering and blurring of the laser light source The combination of all these factors results in a noise level that can be observed and measured with an oscilloscope (An...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... light and are a source of resolution and sizing error Quartz may have fewer imperfections as far as optical quality is concerned It is a softer material than sapphire, and thus can be bored and ... coated in this way, and thus require finer alignment to minimize reflections C SAMPLE FITTINGS A variety of sample fittings are available, and are usually of concern only as a matter of convenience or ... Adjust Fitting Figure 7.1 Pin Photodiode Collimation and Focus Optics Sapphire Windows 780 nm Laser Diode Particle sensor (Courtesy of L & H Environmental, Inc., Roseburg, OR.) The cell window...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... histogram of all the particles in a given volume of water A “histogram” is a sort of graphical history of the particles present in that volume of water The PHA is used to record the counts in each of ... that follows the amplitude of the pulse to its highest point and stores that value long enough for the A/D conversion to take place The A/D converter consists of thousands of comparators, which can ... type of counter circuit will not be an issue of great importance As far as the operator is concerned, the units operate the same way from a functional standpoint As standards are developed and...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... local display of data and alarms These are primarily of use during installation and maintenance The particle counters are usually mounted down in the filter gallery or in other out of the way places, ... inputs, and to 20 mA particle counters would have no use for them The number of analog inputs provided will vary from unit to unit Certainly turbidity and loss -of- head are useful inputs and others ... case, high- and low-flow alarms should be provided to prevent the flow from exceeding the acceptable limits of the particle counter C ANALOG INPUTS One of the most useful features of the more-advanced...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... between the SCADA software and the particle counters It consists of special software code which runs along with the SCADA software Control commands are issued from the SCADA software to the driver, ... INTERFACE SCADA (Supervisory Control and Automated Data Acquisition) systems are usually composed of a specialized software package and one or more computers The software is designed to allow a user ... for some degree of remote programmability The DCS can be used to send out size range and sample period settings This can add another degree of complexity to the driver and SCADA software configuration...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... commands.) The earlier versions of Windows (3.1 and 3.11) are designed to process data in 16-bit words, and the more recent Windows 95/98/2000 versions and Windows NT systems are equipped to handle ... plastic shell They are inexpensive, and can hold about 1.4 MB (million bytes) of data in the standard 3.5-inch format The increasing size of software applications and the larger resulting data files ... as a standard hard drive Many types of permanent storage media are being developed to meet the increasing demands for larger-capacity data storage and handling Communications Ports Standard PCs...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... physical dimensions of the enclosure are usually not a problem from the standpoint of mounting space Most filter galleries provide plenty of room to mount instruments The size of the enclosure is ... its mechanical and optical integrity through years of continuous sample flow with periodic cleaning and clog removal The size of the flow cell orifice is proportional to the ease of maintenance, ... Some of them are of real value, while others involve mere “specmanship.” Except for electronic flowmeters, few of the various features add significant cost to the system Most are an integral part of...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... with a handle Some sort of instrument case is used for mounting the components, as well as providing space for extra sample tubing and other accessories A primary consideration is that of keeping ... more often As was the case for the online units, cell cleaning involves removing and reinstalling sample tubing to the sensor, which increases the likelihood of leaks The pump, strainer, and battery ... of them are still in use in drinking water plants, so a brief description of the sample delivery mechanism is in order The pressurized batch sampler was designed to accommodate viscous oils and...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... standard Currently in development is a count and size standard solution that can be used to verify operation of the particle counter for both counting and sizing accuracy A brief description of ... developing a count verification standard Preliminary tests using 500-ml samples of particle concentrations of and 10 µm particles mixed together at concentrations of 2000 and 200/ml have produced some ... calibration standards are introduced downstream of the filter, and pass directly through the particle counter sensor before passing through the pump and into the filter The output of the sensor...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... presence of Hach and Chemtrac and somehow in ignorance of the virtually complete dominance that Hiac Royco and Met One maintained in the even more lucrative hydraulics market Somewhat reminiscent of ... alternative way to look at resolution and, by implication, signal/noise Ideally, half of the particles should fall on either side of the threshold for a given size, and none of the particles in the next ... treatment for research in the late 1970s, and were made by a company named Hiac Royco These instruments predated the invention of the laser diode, and employed an incandescent white light source Little...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... tougher, wear-proof finish than standard black anodizing The flow path dimensions are mm × mm (1 mm = 1000 µm) and the sensors are volumetric Figure 16.1 Met One removable flow cell (Courtesy of Pacific ... inside the NEMA enclosure Short lengths of tubing are then run from the sensor inlet and outlet to nylon quick-disconnect fittings mounted on the walls of the NEMA box The external sample tubing ... LASER/OPTICAL ASSEMBLY All of the manufacturers employ a similar method of mounting the laser/optical assembly to the flow cell Mechanical configurations vary, as well as the method of alignment during...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20