entropy—principle of minimum energy

... connection of capacitors 14.7.3 Series connection of capacitors 14.7.4 Capacitance of simple arrangements of conductors 14.8 Energy and energy density of the electric ... Superposition of vibrations 8.4.1 Superposition of vibrations of equal frequency 8.4.2 Superposition of vibrations of different frequencies 8.4.3 Superposition of vibrations ... amount of substance and Avogadro number 19.2.5 Entropy 19.3 Thermodynamic potentials 19.3.1 Principle of maximum entropy—principle of minimum energy...

Ngày tải lên: 15/08/2014, 09:14

... patterns of ferrite samples Ni1-xZnxFe2O4 N.Chau et al / VNU Journal of Science, Mathematics - Physics 24 (2008) 155-162 157 The SEM study showed that the microstructure of samples is of high ... with increasing Zn content in samples (due to the extension of unit cell), the real density of samples enhanced because of reducing of porosity from 15.1 % (x = 0.60) to 7.6 % (x = 0.75) Table ... between direction of magnetic moment of A ions and magnetic moment of B1 and B2 ions Comparing MSt and MSe from Tab 2, we could determine the canting angle between magnetic moments of B1 and B2 ions...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 11:20

... properties of the ferrite nanoparticles for a variety of magneto-optical nanodevice applications From a synthesis point of view exploring the effect of firing temperatures (400°C, 600°C and 800°C) is of ... the increase of the crystalline phase From Figure 1a, b, it was observed that the X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) of Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles having the same crystal plane of CoFe O Girgis ... because of solid state reaction of ZnO resulting from small dissociation of ZnFe2O4 core at high temperature (800°C) with SiO2 shell forming Zn2SiO4 phase Figure shows the TEM images of zinc...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 01:20

... The slopes of the M–H curves in the range from kOe to 10 kOe for the samples with x values of 0.1 and 0.2 are equal to those of x = (LMO), indicating the presence of paramagnetic phases of LMO contamination ... detail The last part of the investigation concerns the result of cytotoxicity testing of the synthesized sample by MTT assay Experimental Details Magnetic nanoparticles of La1-xSrxMnO3 (LSMO) ... corresponding to the nominal composition of La: Sr: Mn ratio of 1-x: x: were dissolved in deionized water (DI water) at a ratio of 5:1 (volume/weight) of DI water to total acetate salts The mixed...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 00:20

... ability of TiO2 has generated a great deal of interest in the field of energy and environment science research because of its unique conduction band edge which overlaps the water dissociation energy ... reproduction of the stoichiometry of the charged material and in situ deposition of oxides without the requirement of any post-deposition process adds to the advantage of the technique On top of all ... the mass of the α particle The intensity of spectrum at a particular energy is proportional to the number of corresponding atoms inside of the sample Therefore, the elemental composition of the...

Ngày tải lên: 08/09/2015, 15:20

... Tom Wijnands, Wentao Xu, Dr Kalon Gopinadhan, Prof Alexander Brinkman, Asst Prof Wei Chen, Prof Ganaphathy Baskaran, Assoc Prof Jun Ding, Asst Prof Andrivo Rusydi, Joost Beukers, Jae Sung Son, ... film at K Density changes of two types of carriers in 60 uc LSTO film under influence of temperature T (d) and back gate voltages Vg (e) (f) Density changes of two types of carriers at K in various ... films Mobility changes of two types of carriers in 60 uc LSTO film under influence of temperature T (g) and back gate voltages Vg (h) (i) Mobility changes of two types of carriers at K in various...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 10:07

... minimization energy One aspect is the surface and interface energy; another is strain energy In terms of energy minimization, the surface and interface energy minimization and the strain energy minimization ... of the CoFe2O4 / ZnO /SiO2, and the enlarged (333) diffraction of the CoFe2O4 films with different thicknesses 143 Figure In plane and out of plane hysteresis loops of the CoFe2O4 (40nm) ... of peak (311); 80 Figure XRD spectra of the CoFe2O4 films with a thickness of 100nm deposited at different temperature on glass substrates 84 Figure XRD spectra of the CoFe2O4...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 10:15

... significance of having a large ∆Sm value, a peak in ∆S m and distribution of peak of ∆Sm vs T curve, which is reflected by means of δTFWHM 24 The cooperative phenomenon of spontaneously ordering of magnetic ... measure of the magnetic moment of the sample The sample is suspended with the help of a non-magnetic rod, which vibrates over an amplitude of mm at a frequency of f = 40 Hz The sensitivity of our ... in different class of materials The objective of the present work is to study the influence of impurity doping at Mn-site in charge ordered (CO) manganites, on the destruction of CO state and other...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 17:53

... the ion energy of ~3 KeV The gains of all the possible impurity elements are within the noise level of SIMS 172 Figure 5.28 XPS spectra of the characteristic peak regions of Fe, Co ... deposition of uc LaAlO3 and the re-growth of the fourth uc (c) Sheet resistance of the re-grown sample after oxygen annealing as a function of temperature 145 Figure 5.1 ρ-T curves of Nb-doped ... Temperature dependences of (a) resistivity (ρ-T), (b) carrier density (n-T), and (c) mobility (µ-T) of a reduced STO single crystal Inset of (a): linear fitting of T2 dependence of the resistivity...

Ngày tải lên: 10/09/2015, 09:11

... agglomerated clusters consisting of high density of nanowires The magnified view of a single cluster is depicted in the inset of Fig 2(d) These observations suggest that growth of nanowires in the present ... respectively, where high density of 1-D nanostructures in the form of wires having hundreds of micrometers length is clearly seen Fig 2(a) also reveals that several layers of nanowires were deposited ... case of amorphous nanowires whereas the latter is based on the three-step mechanism involving (i) diffusion of Si/SiOx vapors into the metal particles, (ii) formation of liquid droplet of metal...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 15:18

... sonication time /energy, the thermal conductivity of the nanofluids increases nonlinearly, with the maximum enhancement of 23% at sonication time of 1,355 However, the viscosity of nanofluids increases ... Al2O3-water nanofluids with concentrations of up to vol% Wang et al [13] measured the viscosity of the same kind of nanofluids with different dispersion techniques, and stated that the nanofluid could ... glycol nanofluids as a function of sonication time Figure 12 TEM images of the MWCNT nanofluid at different sonication time: (a) min, (b) 1,355min Figure 13 Average length of MWCNT in nanofluids...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 17:20

... size of dTEM = 14 ± nm Volume fraction of solids Magnetic measurement The concentration of the MF samples is determined as following method First we measure the mass M of a certain volume VF of ... samples The viscosity properties of the samples are also studied Nanoscale Res Lett (2007) 2:155–160 VP of pure material of e-Fe3N in the sample then the volume of carrier fluid with surfactant ... the surface of the particles The magnetic fraction of solid particles and the nonmagnetic layer of the particles can computed from ref [15] Figure gives the magnetization curves of the magnetic...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 22:20

... modulus of modified EPs A similar trend was found in the case of the tensile properties; the flexural strength and modulus of modified EPs are lower than those of the unmodified EP The decrease of ... diameters of 0.85 and 1.04 μm, respectively It is interesting to note that, in the case of 20 phr of CTBN-modified epoxy [Fig 4(e)], the excess of CTBN loading led to some agglomeration of cavitated ... Figure 1: The effect of CTBN content on the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the EP Properties of Modified Epoxy Resin 3.3 Tensile Properties Table shows the effect of CTBN content on the...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 14:20

... Permeability of Fe phase µ2 Permeability of Fe3O4 phase ε1 Permittivity of Fe phase ε2 Permittivity of Fe3O4 phase v1 Volume fraction of Fe phase v2 Volume fraction of of Fe3O4 phase d Diameter of the ... polarisability a1 Radius of scatterer M Fitting parameter of effective permittivity of core-shell composite xv r Ratio of radius of core to radius of shell tanδe Loss tangent of the effective permittivity ... permeability of composite εr Relative permittivity of composite μeff Effective permeability of composite εeff Effective permittivity of composite μm Permeability of host material εm Permittivity of...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 09:18

... out of plane of the films Insets show enlarged images of the loops National University of Singapore 131 CHAPTER 7: STUDIES ON THE MAGNETIC MECHANISM 7.2.3 Semiconductor Transport Properties of ... Activation energy in the range of 80 - 160 K is smaller than that obtained in the range near 300 K The thermal activation energy of Zn1-xCoxO decreases with increasing Co concentration in the range of ... orientation In our view it is due to the higher surface energy of {0001} facet of ZnO grown on sapphire substrate National University of Singapore 125 Intensity (a.u.) CHAPTER 7: STUDIES ON THE...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 16:06

... increases the free energy of the localized spin system, but reduces the energy of the carrier systems via spin-splitting of the bands (no energy gain if no carriers are present) The free energy penalty ... slowing down of the plume The peripheral region of the expanding plume consists predominantly of particles of high kinetic energy; the collisional processes are enhanced by high reactivity of the charged ... the energy gain of the carrier system at T = Tc The magnitude of Tc as a function of ion and hole concentrations can be explained by this model In terms of this, T.Dietl predicted that Tc of GaN...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 16:07

... represents the mixture of O 2p and Zn 4s P4 is on the top of O 2p, a feature of the spectra of the Zn1-xCoxO thin films that is different from that of ZnO, reflecting the effect of the Co Ref [15] ... variance in the binding energy of Zn 3d (P1) is smaller With increasing Co concentration, this result of less variance in the binding energy of Zn 3d National University of Singapore 92 CHAPTER ... Center of tetrahedron O Center of octahedron Fig 5-8 Schematic graphs of Zn-O bond in ZnO and Co-O bond in CoO (not to scale) 5.4 Chemical States of Co in Zn1-xCoxO Thin Films XPS spectra of the...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 16:07

... temperature of the film with Co concentration of x = 0.02 National University of Singapore 103 CHAPTER 6: DEPENDENCE OF Zn1-xCoxO PROPERTIES ON Co CONCENTRATION 6.2.3 Magnetic Properties of Zn1-xCoxO ... University of Singapore 115 CHAPTER 6: DEPENDENCE OF Zn1-xCoxO PROPERTIES ON Co CONCENTRATION importance of which is the notion of a “percolation threshold”, which is defined as the upper limit of the ... with increasing temperature The inset of Fig 6-10 shows a plot of the logarithm of the resistance National University of Singapore 117 CHAPTER 6: DEPENDENCE OF Zn1-xCoxO PROPERTIES ON Co CONCENTRATION...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 16:07

... properties of GNR GNR on Si/SiO2 substrate was fabricated by plasma etching method because of its easy and economical manipulation Seebeck coefficient S of GNR with width of ~70nm and length of 1μm ... 50 Figure 3.112D plot of Conductance of graphene nanoribbon with width of 60nm as a function of Vsd and Vbg at T=4.3 K 51 Figure 4.1 Optical image of thermal power device, is heater, ... (S) of graphene with width of 5um and length of 7um as a function of backgate Vbg at temperature 15k, 50k, 11 100k, 130k,170k, 210k, 250k and290k 60 Figure 4.4 Seebeck Coefficient of graphene...

Ngày tải lên: 02/10/2015, 17:13

... observed that at low values of interfacial energy, Tg of polymer films was less than bulk value and a reverse phenomenon was observed for that of high values of interfacial energy They interpreted ... surface of silicon wafer was expected as compared to PMMA with the same substrate due to the chemistry of P2VP.29 Fryer et al 11 showed the dependence of Tg of polymer films on interfacial energy ... with degrees of crystallinity and crystalline modifications that are dependent on the deposition conditions.39, 42 The steps of CVD deposition of parylene consist of 1) the sublimation of dimer in...

Ngày tải lên: 05/10/2015, 19:04