enteral and parenteral nutrition in the community

... Parenteral Nutrition Therapy Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Therapy: Introduction The ability to provide specialized nutritional support (SNS) represents a major advance in medical therapy. Nutritional ... depicted in Fig. 73-1. Figure 73-1 Chapter 073. Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition (Part 1) Harrison's Internal Medicine > Part 4. Nutrition > Chapter 73. Enteral and Parenteral ... support, via either enteral or parenteral routes, is used in two main settings: (1) to provide adequate nutritional intake during the recuperative phase of illness or injury, when the patient's...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... nutrition in the intensive care unit, in Intensive Care Medicine , R Irwin, J Rippe (eds). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2003. Chapter 073. Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition (Part ... malnutrition <16 kg/m 2 Severe malnutrition <13 kg/m 2 Lethal in males <11 kg/m 2 Lethal in females From D Driscoll, B Bistrian: Parenteral and enteral nutrition in the ... MD.) The first step in deciding to administer SNS is to consider the nutritional implications of the disease process. Is the condition or its treatment likely to impair food intake and absorption...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... pancreatitis. In the critically ill, feeding adequately by PN beginning within the first 24 h of care improves mortality and is more effective than delayed EN. Early feeding of the critically ill in the ... feeding either by mouth or by enteral tube with parenteral feeding often shortens the transition to full enteral feeding, which can generally be used when >50% of requirements can be met enterally. ... impaired swallowing, or bowel disease. The bowel and its associated digestive organs derive 70% of their required nutrients directly from food in the lumen. Arginine, glutamine, short-chain fatty...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... Home Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (HPEN) Therapy Status, % at 1 year b Rehabi litation c Status, % in Complic ations d per Patient-Year Chapter 073. Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition ... Other important considerations in determining the appropriateness of home PN or EN are that the patient's prognosis is longer than several months and that the therapy benefits quality of ... delivered in hospitals, some patients require it on a long-term basis. If they have a safe environment and a willingness to learn the self-care techniques, SNS can be administered at home. The clinical...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... retention and hyperglycemia. Weight gain in the critically ill, whether receiving SNS or not, is invariably the consequence of fluid retention, since lean tissue mL/d if urine is the only significant ... 15 50 — presence of protein intolerance, formulas containing 33–50% branched-chain amino acids are available at the 1.2–1.4-g/kg level. Cardiac patients, and many severely stressed patients, ... weight loss and tissue wasting, TPN must be instituted gradually because of the profound antinatriuresis, antidiuresis, and intracellular accumulation of potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus....

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... energy-inefficient process. Polyunsaturated long-chain triglycerides are the chief ingredient in most parenteral fat emulsions and the majority of the fat in enteral feeding formulas. These ... function and reduce the inflammatory response. Parenteral emulsions containing medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil are available in Europe and Japan but not yet in the United States. ... glucose providing 3.4 kcal/g in PN formulas. In enteral formulas, glucose is the carbohydrate source in so-called monomeric diets. These diets provide protein as amino acids and fat in minimal amounts...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... and hepatic tolerances allow. The standard parenteral and enteral formulas contain protein of high biologic value and meet the requirements for the eight essential amino acids. In protein-intolerant ... contain vitamin K. Vitamin K supplementation is recommended at 2– 4 mg/week in patients not receiving oral anticoagulation therapy if using this product. Chapter 073. Enteral and Parenteral ... positive balance in the recuperating patient. Each g N represents approximately 30 g lean tissue. Mineral and Vitamin Requirements Parenteral electrolyte, vitamin, and trace mineral requirements...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... amounts. Note: PN, parenteral nutrition; TPN, total parenteral nutrition. Parenteral Nutrition Infusion Technique and Patient Monitoring Parenteral feeding through a peripheral vein is limited ... weekly, fluid intake (parenteral and enteral) vs fluid output (urine, stool, gastric drainage, wound, ostomy) Parenteral nutrition delivery equipment: tubing, pump, filter, catheter, dressing Nutrient ... catheters and implanted ports reduce Chapter 073. Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition (Part 8) Table 73-6 Parenteral Trace Metal Supplementation for Adults a Trace Mineral Intake Zinc...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... insulin level than meal feeding. Because insulin is a potent antinatriuretic and antidiuretic hormone, hyperinsulinemia leads to sodium and fluid retention. In the absence of gastrointestinal ... distal to the junction with the jugular or subclavian vein and not directly against the vessel wall. Thrombosis related to the catheter may occur at the site of entry into the vein and extend ... 6000 U of heparin in the daily parenteral formula in hospitalized patients with temporary catheters reduces the risk of fibrin sheath formation and catheter infection. Temporary catheters that...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 10:21

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 23:21

... diarrhoea being referred:  Ask the caregiver to continue to give the child ORS solution on the way to the health facility, if the child can drink. Also, if the child is breastfed, continue to ... (http://www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever ... caring for newborns and children in the community. 5 v. Contents: Manual for the community health worker Facilitator notes Photo book: identify signs of illness Chart booklet for the community...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 14:20

... are: vaccinations and hearing and sight examinations in all 13 countries; school feeding in 12 (92%) countries; and dengue prevention in 11 (85%) countries (see Table 8). Vaccinations and hearing and ... children. There is generally a high level of teacher training provided in the countries of the Caribbean. This typically includes training in life skills education and in relation to delivering HIV ... SHN, which is either published or in draft form. In St. Kitts and Nevis and Trinidad and Tobago the SHN policy is implemented by the Ministry of Health. In Barbados and Guyana the SHN policy is...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 20:20

... for the occurrence of these events in the year prior to the baseline visit since they could reflect underlying predis- posing conditions and thus have a confounding effect on the relationship investigated ... predict mortality and other adverse health events, independently of the frailty syndrome and other confounders, in older people living in the community and not selected on the basis of specific ... qualitative rather than a quantitative approach - i.e. we chose to assess the occurrence of any such event in the year after the baseline visit and not thenumberofevents.Thelatterwouldinfacthave introduced...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 15:20

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 03:22

... attaching to a surface (36a and 36b) [8,9]. The application of exogenous HA and HA-based biomaterials showed good results in ma- nipulating and accelerating the wound healing proc- ess in a ... facilitate the application of bone graft in the damaged site and on the other hand, it creates an environment with a rich content of HA, with all the advantages deriving from the phenomenon. The ... before treatment and at 10 days, and 6, 9, and 24 months after treatment . Clinical Measurements To assess the treatment results, the following pre-operative and intra-operative clinical parameters...

Ngày tải lên: 03/11/2012, 11:35