efficacy in treating and preventing upper respiratory infections

... seen with influenza and parainfluenza infections, while conjunctivitis may suggest infection with adenovirus or enterovirus Findings on physical examination are frequently nonspecific and unimpressive ... viruses, distinguishing patients with primary viral infection from those with primary bacterial infection is difficult Signs and symptoms of bacterial and viral URIs are, in fact, indistinguishable ... United States By definition, nonspecific URIs have no prominent localizing features They are identified by a variety of descriptive names, including acute infective rhinitis, acute rhinopharyngitis/nasopharyngitis,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... can be retained, producing the typical signs and symptoms of sinusitis The retained secretions may become infected with a variety of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi Sinusitis ... factor for nosocomial sinusitis in intensive care units Acute infectious sinusitis can be caused by a variety of organisms, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi Viral rhinosinusitis is far more ... cases are diagnosed in the ambulatory care setting and occur primarily as a consequence of a preceding viral URI Differentiating acute bacterial and viral sinusitis on clinical grounds is difficult...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... bacterial sinusitis, acute fungal sinusitis, or sinusitis from noninfectious causes (e.g., allergic rhinosinusitis) In the case of an immunocompromised patient with acute fungal sinus infection, ... Management of Sinusitis and Committee on Quality Improvement, 2001; Hickner et al, 2001; Piccirillo, 2004; and Sinus and Allergy Health Partnership, 2004 The clinical history and/ or setting can often ... unknown origin Diagnosis Distinguishing viral from bacterial sinusitis in the ambulatory setting is usually difficult, given the relatively low sensitivity and specificity of the common clinical features...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... can be helpful in determining the extent of disease and the response to therapy The management team should include an otolaryngologist to conduct endoscopic examinations and obtain tissue samples ... disease presents with long-standing, often unilateral symptoms and opacification of a single sinus on imaging studies as a result of a mycetoma (fungus ball) within the sinus Treatment for this condition ... time; administration of intranasal glucocorticoids; and mechanical irrigation of the sinus with sterile saline solution When this management approach fails, sinus surgery may be indicated and sometimes...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... penicillinase-resistant penicillin plus an antipseudomonal quinolone (e.g., nafcillin plus ciprofloxacin) is typically used Incision and drainage may be helpful for culture and for resolution of infection, which ... swelling, and extreme tenderness of the pinna, although the lobule is less often involved in perichondritis The most common pathogens are P aeruginosa and S aureus, although other gram-negative and ... occasionally involved Treatment consists of systemic antibiotics active against both P aeruginosa and S aureus An antipseudomonal penicillin (e.g., piperacillin) or a combination of a penicillinase-resistant...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... illnesses, including URIs and chronic rhinosinusitis The inflammatory response to these conditions leads to the development of a sterile transudate within the middle-ear and mastoid cavities Infection ... Amoxicillin, mg/kg qd (up to g) PO in and divided doses (bid or tid), Acute onset of signs and symptoms 80–90 of middle-ear inflammation, including fever, or otalgia, decreased hearing, Cefdinir, ... typically includes an antipseudomonal penicillin or cephalosporin (e.g., piperacillin or ceftazidime) with an aminoglycoside A fluoroquinolone antibiotic is frequently used in place of the aminoglycoside...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... penicillin and amoxicillin in roughly onequarter of S pneumoniae isolates, one-third of H influenzae isolates, and nearly all M catarrhalis isolates, outcome studies continue to find that amoxicillin ... inflammation of the upper respiratory mucosa (e.g., during examination of young children) Other signs and symptoms that are occasionally reported include vertigo, nystagmus, and tinnitus Acute Otitis ... the possibility of infection with a β-lactamaseproducing strain of H influenzae or M catarrhalis or with a strain of penicillinresistant S pneumoniae Decongestants and antihistamines are frequently...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... may invade the middle ear through the perforation, forming a mass of keratinaceous debris (cholesteatoma) at the site of invasion This mass can enlarge and has the potential to erode bone and ... fluid collection and infection is usually the same in the mastoid as in the middle ear Early and frequent treatment of acute otitis media is most likely the reason that the incidence of acute ... declined to only 1.2–2.0 cases per 100,000 person-years in countries with high prescribing rates for acute otitis media In countries like the Netherlands, where antibiotics are used sparingly...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Yersinia enterocolitica, and Treponema pallidum (in secondary syphilis) Anaerobic bacteria can also cause acute pharyngitis (Vincent's angina) and can contribute to more serious polymicrobial infections, ... C, and G are all similar, ranging from a relatively mild illness without many accompanying symptoms to clinically severe cases with profound pharyngeal pain, fever, chills, and abdominal pain ... Oropharyngeal infections range from mild, self-limited viral illnesses to serious, life-threatening bacterial infections The most common presenting symptom is sore throat—one...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... pharyngitis, such as influenza virus, adenovirus, HSV, EBV, CMV, and M pneumoniae, are available in some locations and can be used when these infections are suspected The diagnosis of acute EBV infection ... organizations support treating adults who have these symptoms and signs without administering a rapid streptococcal antigen test Sources: Cooper et al, 2001; Schwartz et al, 1998 Cultures and rapid diagnostic ... Penicillin VK, 50 mg/kg qd PO in divided doses (bid), or History of rheumatic fever or Cephalexin, 50 mg/kg qd PO in divided doses (qid), or Documented household exposure or Benzathine penicillin...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... or incision and drainage Oral Infections Aside from periodontal disease such as gingivitis, infections of the oral cavity most commonly involve HSV or Candida species In addition to causing painful ... IV echinocandins (caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin) Vincent's angina, also known as acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis or trench mouth, is a unique and dramatic form of gingivitis ... often needed for primary infections, extensive oral infections, and infections in immunocompromised patients Oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush) is caused by a variety of Candida species, most often...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... countries, mass vaccination against Hib has reduced the annual incidence of acute epiglottitis in children by >90%; in contrast, the annual incidence in adults has changed little since the introduction ... Etiology After the introduction of the Hib vaccine in the mid-1980s, disease incidence among children in the United States declined dramatically Nevertheless, lack of vaccination or vaccine failure ... association with other symptoms and signs of URI, including rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, cough, and sore throat Direct laryngoscopy often reveals diffuse laryngeal erythema and edema, along with vascular...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... structures in the head, neck, and thorax, providing pathogens with easy access to areas including the mediastinum, carotid sheath, skull base, and meninges Once infection reaches these sensitive ... eradicate carriage of H influenzae Infections of the Deep Neck Structures Deep neck infections are usually extensions of infection from other primary sites, most often within the pharynx or oral ... with clindamycin and TMP-SMX reserved for patients allergic to β-lactams Antibiotic therapy should be continued for 7–10 days and should be tailored, if necessary, to the organism recovered in culture...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... morbidity and in some cases mortality Lower respiratory infections are common in infants, resulting, for example, in over 33,000 hospital admissions in infants aged under two years in England alone, ... M: Incidence of acute respiratory infections and the relationship with some factors in infancy in Antalya, Turkey Pediatr Int 2002, 44:64-69 24 Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ: Parental smoking and respiratory ... et al.: Parental and household smoking and the increased risk of bronchitis, bronchiolitis and other lower respiratory infections in infancy: systematic review and meta-analysis Respiratory Research...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 13:22

... accounting, financial policies In contrast to fraud, error is unintentional actions and to an involuntary misstatement that happened in financial statements, including the omission in writing or ... expenses, and manipulating financial records for personal needs For example, in the 1980's, a case of fraud is Lincoln Savings and Loan scandal In April 1989, after seized control of Lincoln Savings and ... applying of audit procedures to detect fraud in financial reporting are remaining incomplete due to many complex nature of fraud and the limitations inherent in the testing activities of auditing...

Ngày tải lên: 13/03/2014, 14:20

... implementation and maintenance of effective internal controls by: - Developing and maintaining an internal control system that is adequate and effective in managing risk - Improving the efficiency and effectiveness ... the internal control system is adequate and effective in preventing, detecting and correcting such fraud When the internal control risk is considered to be high, indicating the failure of internal ... improve their in the financial reporting process and their effectiveness in preventing and detecting financial statement fraud  Full assessment and effective a structure of the internal control,...

Ngày tải lên: 13/03/2014, 14:20

... single infections and co -infections by respiratory syncytial virus and viruses identified recently in infants with acute respiratory disease J Med Virol 2008, 80:716-723 Lin TY, Huang YC, Ning ... Lina B, Turbelin C, Dorléans Y, Flahault A, Amoros JP, Spadoni G, Agostini F, Varesi L: Dual infections by influenza A/H3N2 and B viruses and by influenza A/H3N2 and A/H1N1 viruses during winter ... simultaneous viral infections in infants with acute respiratory tract infections in Spain J Clin Virol 2008, 42:268-272 21 22 23 24 25 Paranhos-Baccala G, Komurian-Pradel F, Richard N, Vernet G, Lina B,...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 04:20

... guidelines, including guidance on ARVs for pregnant women, planned for release in early 2013 REFERENCES Antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infections in infants: ... operational and clinical challenges and questions about Option B+ that need to be addressed, including service organization and service delivery of ART in MCH and primary care settings, cost and sustainability, ... antiretroviral (ARV) guidelines on treating pregnant women and preventing infection in infants (1), issued in 2010, were a major step towards more efficacious regimens The WHO guidelines emphasize the...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 15:20

... examination counseling: Knowledge on all issues in care and monitoring of signs for reexamination - Interventions caused positive changes in some practices in examination and counseling:(1) Examination: ... asking each of the questions to determine signs of disease increased Postintervention, the percentage of those performing two techniques, observing chest indrawing and counting breath rate increased ... counseling during consultations and drug purchase) and skills training for groups providing health services - Supervision (from higher level, between and within groups) for changing practices and...

Ngày tải lên: 25/07/2014, 13:57

... decisionmaking process In spite of the growing interest in SDM, few health professionals practice it, and only a few studies on implementing SDM in clinical settings exist [4] A way to increase ... knowledge and skills in SDM, in order to optimize the prescription of antibiotics for acute respiratory infections (ARIs) [10] ARIs are the principal reason for medical consultations in primary care in ... conducted in 2007 evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of DECISION+ in family medicine Page of clinics [14] Following the intervention, the physicians who undertook DECISION+ training program...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 10:23