dissimilatory iron and manganese reduction

... mean iron/ manganeseand scrapie-afflicted The calculated mean iron/ manganese ratios in forage samples from 47 scrapie-free, scrapie-prone and scrapie-afflicted farms Vertical bars show the standard ... Iron and Steel, China, supplied from LGC Promochem, Borås, Sweden) were applied as an external standard Statistical analysis The iron concentration in the forage samples as well as the iron/ manganese ... contained significantly more iron and significantly less manganese than the forage samples from scrapie-free and scrapie-prone farms, indicating a relative dominance of iron over manganese in forage from...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 18:21

... language to influence and persuade those who have power and also because their languages, experiences and knowledge are down played in the new policies and technologies Conclusion and recommendations ... between the poor and rich, formal and non formal education and help people cope with political, economic and social changes adult education programs need to respond to language conflicts and inequalities ... poor and less educated An educational program that is in Setswana and English contributes to an assimilation of these groups into Setswana, killing their identities and ignoring the knowledge and...

Ngày tải lên: 05/11/2012, 16:27

... Hz to 80 Hz; band is band-pass and covers 80 Hz to kHz; band is high-pass and covers above kHz; and band is also high-pass and covers above kHz At the encoder the gain of each band is adaptively ... number of bands and the pre-emphasis strategy that that they employ Dolby A, developed for professional use, divides the signal spectrum into four frequency bands: band is low-pass and covers ... terms and in terms of probability functions Bayesian inference theory provides a generalised framework for statistical processing of random signals, and for formulating and solving estimation and...

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2014, 07:20

... wideband noise whose spectrum has a non-flat shape; examples are pink noise, brown noise and autoregressive noise (e) Impulsive noise: consists of short-duration pulses of random amplitude and random ... sensation and quality Figures 2.9(a) and (b) show examples of the spectra of car noise recorded from a BMW and a Volvo respectively The noise in a car is nonstationary, and varied, and may include ... the signal and the noise processes The models are then used for the decoding of the underlying states of the signal and noise, and for noisy signal recognition and enhancement Noise and Distortion...

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2014, 07:20

... of deterministic signals, random signals and random processes A random process generates random signals, and the collection of all signals that can be generated by a random process is the space ... that transforms a random input process X into an output process Y The input and output signals x(m) and y(m) are realisations of the random processes X and Y respectively If x(m) and y(m) are both ... Autocorrelation and power spectrum of impulsive noise Impulsive noise is a random, binary-state (“on/off”) sequence of impulses of random amplitudes and random time of occurrence In Chapter 12, a random...

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2014, 07:20

... a symmetric and an asymmetric pdf and their respective mode, mean and median and the relations to MAP, MAVE and MMSE estimates 4.2.6 The Influence of the Prior on Estimation Bias and Variance ... is the random input of the AR model and n is the random noise Using Equation (4.3), the signal restoration process involves the estimation of both the model parameter vector θ and the random input ... vector µx and covariance matrix Σxx, and that the noise n(m) is also Gaussian with mean vector µn and covariance matrix Σnn The signal and noise pdfs model the prior spaces of the signal and the...

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2014, 07:20

... 5.8(a) and 5.8(b) illustrate a 4-state HMM and its state–time diagram Since the number of states and the state parameters of an HMM are time-invariant, a state-time diagram is a repetitive and regular ... subtraction methods described in Chapters and 11) or by combining the noise and the signal models to model the noisy Signal and Noise Model Combination and Decomposition 171 signal The model combination ... two containers of different mixtures of black and white balls The probability of the black and the white balls in each container, denoted as PB and PW respectively, are as shown above Figure...

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2014, 07:20

... Filter for Additive Noise Reduction Consider a signal x(m) observed in a broadband additive noise n(m)., and model as y(m) = x(m) + n(m) (6.45) Assuming that the signal and the noise are uncorrelated, ... x(m) and the noise n(m): Ryy = Rxx + Rnn (6.46) rxy = rxx (6.47) and we can also write where Ryy, Rxx and Rnn are the autocorrelation matrices of the noisy signal, the noise-free signal and the ... ) (6.50) where PXX(f) and PNN(f) are the signal and noise power spectra Dividing the numerator and the denominator of Equation (6.50) by the noise power spectra PNN(f) and substituting the variable...

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2014, 07:20

... predictive coding, noise cancellation, radar, and channel equalisation in mobile telephony, where low delay and fast tracking of time-varying processes and environments are important objectives Figure ... m | m − 1) ~ ( m| m − 1)] = x (7.20) and we have also used the assumption that the signal and the noise are uncorrelated Substitution of Equations (7.9) and (7.16) in Equation (7.15) yields the ... observed in a random noise The state and observation equations for this problem are given by x(m)= x(m − 1) = x y(m) = x + n(m) (7.41) (7.42) Note that Φ(m,m–1)=1, state excitation e(m)=0 and H(m)=1...

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2014, 07:20

... X Ba ) 2     (8.55) where X and x are the signal matrix and vector defined by Equations (8.12) and (8.13), and similarly XB and xB are the signal matrix and vector for the backward predictor ... flexibility and better performance Sub-Band Linear Prediction Model 253 In sub-band linear prediction, the signal x(m) is passed through a bank of N band-pass filters, and is split into N sub-band signals ... of a sub-band linear prediction model Linear Prediction Models 254 where Bk and fk0 are the bandwidth and the centre frequency of the kth subband respectively To ensure that each sub-band LP parameters...

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2014, 07:20

... Hz to 80 Hz; band is band-pass and covers 80 Hz to kHz; band is high-pass and covers above kHz; and band is also high-pass and covers above kHz At the encoder the gain of each band is adaptively ... number of bands and the pre-emphasis strategy that that they employ Dolby A, developed for professional use, divides the signal spectrum into four frequency bands: band is low-pass and covers ... each band if the signal level falls 45 dB below the maximum recording level The Dolby B and Dolby C systems are designed for consumer audio systems, and use two bands instead of the four bands...

Ngày tải lên: 25/01/2014, 13:20

... terms and in terms of probability functions Bayesian inference theory provides a generalised framework for statistical processing of random signals, and for formulating and solving estimation and ... 4.1.1 Dynamic and Probability Models in Estimation 91 4.1.2 Parameter Space and Signal Space 92 4.1.3 Parameter Estimation and Signal Restoration 93 4.1.4 Performance Measures and Desirable ... incomplete and noisy Hence, noise reduction and the removal of channel distortion is an important part of a signal processing system The aim of this book is to provide a coherent and structured...

Ngày tải lên: 25/01/2014, 13:20

... cases of a sine wave and a purely random signal For a periodic signal, the power is concentrated in extremely narrow bands of frequencies, indicating the existence of structure and the predictable ... frequencies, such as the bass, without affecting other frequencies, and in subband coding different frequency bands are coded independently and allocated different numbers of bits (ii) Sinusoidal functions ... decision making and estimation problems, and in systems analysis x(t) PXX(f) f t (a) PXX(f) x(t) t (b) Figure 9.1 The concentration/spread of power in frequency indicates the correlated or random character...

Ngày tải lên: 26/01/2014, 07:20

... case of a band-limited random signal if the sampling rate is greater than M times the Nyquist rate However, in many practical cases, the signal is a realisation of a random process, and the sampling ... recognition and decision making systems We started this chapter with a study of the ideal interpolation of a band-limited signal, and its applications in digital-to-analog conversion and in multirate ... original base-band spectrum X(f) and the repetitions or images of X(f) spaced uniformly at frequency intervals of Fs=1/Ts When the sampling frequency is above the Nyquist rate, the baseband spectrum...

Ngày tải lên: 26/01/2014, 07:20

... a signal in the time and the frequency domains 335 Spectral Subtraction where y(m), x(m) and n(m) are the signal, the additive noise and the noisy signal respectively, and m is the discrete ... White Noise IEEE Trans Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ASSP-26, 5, pp 471–472 LINHARD K and KLEMM H (1997) Noise Reduction with Spectral Subtraction and Median Filtering for Suppression ... )+ N ( f ) (11.2) where Y(f), X(f) and N(f) are the Fourier transforms of the noisy signal y(m), the original signal x(m) and the noise n(m) respectively, and f is the frequency variable In spectral...

Ngày tải lên: 26/01/2014, 07:20

... amplitude-modulated binary-state sequence, and expressed as ni (m) = n(m) b(m) (12.6) where b(m) is a binary-state random sequence of ones and zeros, and n(m) is a random noise process Assuming that impulsive ... Noise 12.1.1 Autocorrelation and Power Spectrum of Impulsive Noise Impulsive noise is a non-stationary, binary-state sequence of impulses with random amplitudes and random positions of occurrence ... of short duration pulses of a random amplitude, duration, and time of occurrence, and may be modelled as the output of a filter excited by an amplitude-modulated random binary sequence as P −1...

Ngày tải lên: 26/01/2014, 07:20

... initial pulse, and may be considered as the response of the channel to the initial pulse In a telecommunication system, a noise pulse originates at some point in time and space, and then propagates ... time and frequency, consider the scratch pulses from a damaged gramophone record shown in Figures 13.1 and 13.2 Scratch noise pulses are acoustic manifestations of the response of the stylus and ... the pulse, the maximum cross-correlation of the input and the noise pulse template, and a time delay that can be used to align the input noise and the noise template This information can be used...

Ngày tải lên: 26/01/2014, 07:20

... convergence The sub-bandbased system is shown in Figure 14.11 The sub-band analyser splits the input signal into N sub-bands Assuming that the sub-bands have equal bandwidth, each sub-band occupies only ... sub-band echo canceller are a reduction in filter length and a gain in the speed of convergence as explained below: (a) Reduction in filter length Assuming that the impulse response of each sub-band ... , xA(m–P)] and w(m)=[w0(m), , wP–1(m)] are the input signal vector and the coefficient vector of the echo canceller, and e(m) is the difference between the signal on the echo line and the output...

Ngày tải lên: 26/01/2014, 07:20

... and Non-minimum Phase Identification IEEE Trans Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ASSP-36, pp 186–205 PICCHI G and PRATI G (1987) Blind Equalization and Carrier Recovery using a Stop -and- Go ... channel response, y is the channel output, and Mx and Mh are statistical models of the channel input and the channel response respectively 422 Equalization and Deconvolution Channel identification ... channel input is a random signal Standard linear prediction analysis can be viewed as a blind deconvolution method, because both the channel response and the channel input are unknown, and the only...

Ngày tải lên: 26/01/2014, 07:20

... lysates were loaded, in a randomized manner, onto two gels, transferred to membranes (blot and blot 2) and analyzed by three repetitive cycles of ERK immunoglobulin reprobing and application of the ... 2B, lower panel) and thus facilitates the detection of true dynamic behavior In this case, randomization reduced the standard deviation of the smoothing splines from 18.6% to 1.4% and thus significantly ... spline-smoothed and used to normalize pERK1 and ERK1 signals, having similar molecular masses pERK1 and ERK1 signals were converted to number of molecules per cell using the protein standard depicted...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 07:20