disease and disorder of the eye and ear

... 5-18 years and 254 parents of children aged 2-18 years It was the mother who answered the questionnaire in 92.52% of the sample, and it was the father in 7.48% of the sample No parent in the patient ... questionnaire in 89.5% of the sample, it was the father in 4.57% of the sample, and it was someone else in 6.28% of the sample Distribution of all participants in terms of gender and age group is shown ... age range of children and adolescents from to 18 years of age The development, refinement and validation of the original instrument and linguistic validation to a number of European and other languages...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... degrees of clinician-reported symptom severity These findings demonstrate the clinical validity of the EAPIQ The EAPIQ scales correlated higher with the scales of the miniRQLQ than with the items of ... for the EAPIQ is warranted Use of the EAPIQ in future research may contribute to a greater understanding of the impact of ocular allergies on patients' lives and ultimately lead to the use of ... in the areas that are of greatest importance to the patients themselves Authors' contributions PB, JW CB and LA conceived the study and participated in the design of the study MA, WB, PB and...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 15:20

... localization of CGD subtypes are shown in the bottom of the figure There are several components of NADPH oxidase: of these the cytochrome-b558 heterodimer is located in the membrane and consists of the ... to the subtypes, and severity of the associated macrophage defect [22] In the majority of patients, the production of superoxides is undetetectable and the manifestations are therefore early and ... understand these immune interactions and predisposition to autoimmunity and infectious disease Diagnosis and Treatment The approach to the diagnosis of CGD is shown in Table Many of the clinical and...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 13:22

... the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario, and the Center for Safety Research, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, and the Research Institute at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto The ... at the time the child was in the responding nurse's care From the prospectively documented CCRT data, we abstracted the items of the Bedside PEWS score, the nature of the consultation and the ... from the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care and an Early Researcher Award from the Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation This work was supported by Grant in Aid Funding from the...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 18:22

... categories of eye care personnel: full-time eye care workers, integrated eye care workers and community-based eye care workers (medical and non-medical) [5,6] The route of delivery and the type of eye ... protection, and improvement of population eye health [3] The eye care workforce has been identified as the bedrock of "VISION 2020: The right to sight", the global initiative for the elimination of avoidable ... 63 (mean = 36.1 years, SD = years) The age and sex distribution of workers are shown in Table The distribution of staff by cadre and LGA is shown in Table The comparison of eye care personnel-to-population...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 17:20

... components of the tear film The action of blinking spreads the film of tears over the whole surface of the eye and mixes the tears underneath the lids The tear film serves as an interface between the external ... inside the eye would continually decrease, and the eye would collapse The flow of aqueous humor out of the eye is driven by the pressure inside the eye The resistance to the flow of aqueous out of the ... cells The hardness of the eye to touch is not determined by the toughness of the fabric of the eye, but by the fluid pressure inside the eye When the pressure is high, the eye is hard When the pressure...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 10:20

... people of northern European descent Their diagnosis is obvious when they are visible as glittering particles upon the surface of the optic disc However, in many patients they are hidden beneath the ... fulminant papilledema Optic Disc Drusen These are refractile deposits within the substance of the optic nerve head (Fig 29-13) They are unrelated to drusen of the retina, which occur in age-related ... hypertension) The majority of patients are young, female, and obese Treatment with a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor such as acetazolamide lowers intracranial pressure by reducing the production of cerebrospinal...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... variety of genetic diseases, such as myotonic dystrophy, neurofibromatosis type 2, and galactosemia Radiation therapy and glucocorticoid treatment can induce cataract as a side effect The cataracts ... viewing light reflected from the fundus with an ophthalmoscope or by examining the dilated eye using the slit lamp The only treatment for cataract is surgical extraction of the opacified lens Over ... examinations is helpful In the patient with physiologic cupping, the large cup remains stable, whereas in the patient with glaucoma it expands relentlessly over the years Detection of visual field loss...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... by administration of panretinal laser photocoagulation at the appropriate point in the evolution of the disease For further discussion of the manifestations and management of diabetic retinopathy, ... deposits of clumped pigment in the peripheral retina, called bone spicules because of their vague resemblance to the spicules of cancellous bone, give the disease its name (Fig 29-17) The name ... pigmentosa with black clumps of pigment in the retinal periphery known as "bone spicules." There is also atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium, making the vasculature of the choroid easily visible...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... be considered if the cause remains unknown after careful review of the history and thorough examination of the eye Figure 29-18 Proptosis When the globes appear asymmetric, the clinician must ... the appearance of enophthalmos True enophthalmos occurs commonly after trauma, from atrophy of retrobulbar fat, or fracture of the orbital floor The position of the eyes within the orbits is measured ... unilateral Orbital inflammation and engorgement of the extraocular muscles, particularly the medial rectus and the inferior rectus, account for the protrusion of the globe Corneal exposure, lid...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... limitation of motility The width of the palpebral fissures is measured in primary gaze to quantitate the degree of ptosis The ptosis will be underestimated if the patient compensates by lifting the ... drooping of the eyelid Unilateral or bilateral ptosis can be congenital, from dysgenesis of the levator palpebrae superioris, or from abnormal insertion of its aponeurosis into the eyelid Acquired ... especially in older women The signs are more subtle and the diagnosis is frequently missed The combination of slight proptosis, diplopia, enlarged muscles, and an injected eye is often mistaken for...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... persists in either eye after covering the opposite eye If it does, the diagnosis is monocular diplopia The cause is usually intrinsic to the eye and therefore has no dire implications for the patient ... Examination of the pupil helps to distinguish between these two possibilities In Horner's syndrome, the eye with ptosis has a smaller pupil and the eye movements are full In an oculomotor nerve palsy, the ... primary gaze, and then with the head turned and tilted in each direction In the above example, a cover test with the head turned to the right will maximize the fixation shift evoked by the cover...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... microvascular infarction of the nerve, somewhere along its course from the brainstem to the orbit Usually the patient complains of pain Diabetes, hypertension, and vascular disease are major risk ... compression (tumor, aneurysm) Miswiring of sprouting fibers to the levator muscle and the rectus muscles results in elevation of the eyelid upon downgaze or adduction The pupil also constricts upon attempted ... to the oculomotor nerve complex Fibers exit the brainstem dorsally and cross to innervate the contralateral superior oblique The principal actions of this muscle are to depress and to intort the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... generation of saccades to the contralateral side After hemispheric stroke, the eyes usually deviate towards the lesioned side because of the unopposed action of the frontal eye field in the normal ... affected later in the course of the disease Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, and olivopontocerebellar degeneration can also affect vertical gaze The frontal eye field of the cerebral cortex ... vasculitis, and Whipple's disease are other important causes of supranuclear gaze palsy Disorders of vertical gaze, especially downwards saccades, are an early feature of progressive supranuclear palsy...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... One -and- a-half syndrome is due to a combined lesion of the medial longitudinal fasciculus and the abducens nucleus on the same side The patient's only horizontal eye movement is abduction of the ... movement is abduction of the eye on the other side Figure 29-19 Left internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) A In primary position of gaze the eyes appear normal B Horizontal gaze to the left is intact C ... disorders of vertical gaze are not fully elucidated, but lesions of the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal cause supranuclear paresis...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... examination of the eyes Observation of nystagmoid movements of the optic disc on ophthalmoscopy is a sensitive way to detect subtle nystagmus Gaze-Evoked Nystagmus This is the most common form of jerk ... the eyes are held eccentrically in the orbits, they have a natural tendency to drift back to primary position The subject compensates by making a corrective saccade to maintain the deviated eye ... Architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity Science 295: 1065, 2002 Kanski JJ: Systemic Diseases and the Eye St Louis, Mosby, 2001 Leibowitz HM: The red eye N Engl J Med 343:345,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... inflammation of both the anterior and posterior segments of the eye Posterior uveitis is a manifestation of autoimmune diseases such as sarcoidosis, Behçet's disease, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, and ... rare and frequently misdiagnosed cause of a red, painful eye Susceptible eyes have a shallow anterior chamber, either because the eye has a short axial length (hyperopia) or a lens enlarged by the ... such as Candida, Pneumocystis carinii, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, herpes, and cytomegalovirus (see Fig 175-1); and other diseases such as syphilis, Lyme disease, tuberculosis, cat-scratch disease, ...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... endocarditis, but they also appear in leukemia, diabetes, and many other conditions Endophthalmitis also occurs as a complication of ocular surgery, occasionally months or even years after the operation ... reveals zones of whitened, edematous retina following the distribution of branch retinal arterioles Complete occlusion of the central retinal artery produces arrest of blood flow and a milky retina ... term refers to a transient ischemic attack of the retina (Chap 364) Because neural tissue has a high rate of metabolism, interruption of blood flow to the retina for more than a few seconds results...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... ("blood and thunder" appearance), infarction, and visual loss Venous occlusion of the retina is often idiopathic, but hypertension, diabetes, and glaucoma are prominent risk factors Polycythemia, ... worsening The optic disc appears swollen and surrounded by nerve fiber layer splinter hemorrhages (Fig 29-9) AION is divided into two forms: arteritic and nonarteritic The nonarteritic form of AION ... that high doses of glucocorticoids can be instituted immediately to prevent blindness in the second eye Symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica may be present; the sedimentation rate and C-reactive...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21