discrete math if and only if symbol
if and wish exercises
... chỉđiều kiện.Ex: If I were to ask him nicely, he would help4- WISH :a- Ước ở hiện tại: S + Wish + S + V.ed + (If only) were could + VEx: I wish I were on the beach now. If only I were on ... wet if you (wear) a raincoat.15- If they (know) your address, they would visit you16- If it rains tomorrow, we (not go) on a picnic.17- She would pass the exam if she (study) harder.18- If ... would Lan do if she ………… the Miss world.a. would be b. were c. will be d. is.24- If I were in your place, I …… ….a trip to England.a. will make b. had made c. made. d. would make. 25- If I …………...
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If I do … and If I did… & If I knew… I wish I new
... huống như vậy, bạn dùng cấu trúc if+ thì quá khứ (if I knew /if you were /if we didn’t…) nhưng nghĩa của câu là hiện tại không phải quá khứ. Tom would read more if he had more time. (but he doesn’t ... be able to go out) If I were you, I wouldn’t buy that coat hoặc If I was you… Nếu tôi là anh tôi sẽ không mua cái áo khoác đó. I’d go out if it weren’t raining hoặc if it wasn’t raining… ... dùng would ở mệnh đề if: I’d be very frightened if somebody pointed a gun at me. (không nói if somebody would point”) Tôi sẽ rất sợ nếu có ai đó chĩa súng vào tôi. If I didn’t go to their...
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Functions and variables as symbols
... Libraries Symbols and Linkage Static vs. Dynamic Linkage Linking External Libraries Symbol Resolution Issues Creating Libraries Data Structures B-trees Priority Queues 5 Functions and variables ... Addresses for static (allocated at compile time) symbols ã Symbol puts located in shared library GLIBC_2.2.5 (GNU C standard library) ã Shared symbol puts not assigned memory until run time ... added to resulting executable 15 Symbol resolution issues ã How about if we dene puts() in a shared library and attempt to use it within our programs? ã Symbols resolved in order they are...
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Wacky word problems games and activities that make math easy and fun
... Lynette.Wacky word problems : games and activities that make math easy and fun / Lynette Long.p. cm. —(Magical math) Includes index.ISBN 0-471-21061-7 (pbk. : alk. paper)1. Mathematical recreations. ... 10/25/04 10:07 AM Page 31 WACKY W ORDP ROBLEMSGames and Activities That Make Math Easy and FunLynette LongJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.Magical Math ffirs.qxd 10/25/04 9:55 AM Page iii 15IIIM ... 10/25/04 10:07 AM Page 22 WACKY W ORDP ROBLEMSGames and Activities That Make Math Easy and FunLynette LongJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.Magical Math ffirs.qxd 10/25/04 9:55 AM Page iii 2For example,...
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Tài liệu Discrete Math for Computer Science Students doc
... S2∪ S3 and S2 and S3are disjoint, and so, by the sum principle,Equation 1.7 must hold.We now give a proof for general n and k.Theorem 1.3 If n and k are integers with n>0 and 0 <k<n, ... D precede C and E. Since there are 3! ways to arrange A,B, and D, and 2! ways to arrange C and E,bythe product principal, there are 3!2! = 12 lists inwhich A, B, and D precede C and E.Foreach ... as defined in thefootnote).cParts b and c of this problem prove that a relationship is an equivalence relation if and only if it is symmetric, reflexive, and transitive. Explain why. (A short...
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Tài liệu Prolog Experiments in Discrete Mathematics, Logic, and Computability pdf
... commercial and public versions. The language is easy to learn and use because its syntax and semantics are similar to that of mathematics and logic. So the learning curve is steep and no prior ... assumption that X stands for b. This is an example of “unification” and it is a basic ingredient in the matching process used for computation in logic programming. Unification Unification is the ... block b if they are both on top. To accomplish this we’ll need to test whether the two blocks are on top and, if so, to retract one clause and to assert another clause. We’ll modify the program...
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Math, Science, and Technology in Contemporary Sculpture docx
... harness math and technology and apply it to his art. Lang's complex origami is often referred to as computational origami because of his use of mathematics and the computer. Without the mathematic ... Likens 1 Without the mathematic, scientific, and technological advances of the 20th century, the contemporary sculptures of Theo Jansen, Robert Lang and Julian Voss-Andreae would not be possible. ... roots, move to Portland, Oregon and complete a BFA in Sculpture at Pacific Northwest College of Art. Julian Voss-Andreae now spends his energy interpreting, visualizing, and sculpting science...
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Just and Only pot
... Just and Only Ví dụ: Nếu nói “He was just here”, có nghĩa là nói “Anh ta vừa mới vừa ở đây vài phút trước thôi”/ "Anh ta vừa mới ở đây mà". Cơ bản là mỗi khi sử dụng only , ... cả. Nó làm cho câu nói của chúng ta nghe có vẻ lịch sự và nhẹ nhàng hơn. Câu thứ hai dùng only có nghĩa là tôi muốn cám ơn nhưng lại không muốn nói gì nữa sau đó. Nhiều trường hợp, ... lệnh hơn nhỉ?] Có những trường hợp chúng ta có thể sử dụng “just” nhưng không thể thay thế bằng only . ...
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Math Puzzles and Brainteasers, Grades 3-5: Over 300 Puzzles that Teach Math and Problem-Solving Skills pptx
... exciting and promising application of the puzzles would be in a math club where the students can compete and play games that challenge the mind and the creative spirit. Teaching and learning mathematics ... dimension: a conceptual understanding and framework. To expand the potential power of mathematics, they must enter a third dimension: the intuitive and mind-expanding creative viii Forewordflast.indd ... relatively easy word puzzles to more difficult math brainteasers and requiring math skills from addition and subtraction to determining probability and algebraic thinking. Here are the types...
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discrete math in computer science - bogart , stein
... zas x and and thevalue of x− qzas z.Finally, if we exchanged k and n to begin our process, we exchange the x and z values thatwere returned, and we have our greatest common divisor and ... = yz and t(x, y)tobethe statement x<y?7. Which of the following statements (in which Z+stands for the positive integers and Zstands for all integers) is true and which is false, and why?a. ... 2.2.3 If k, q, n, and r are positive integers such that k = nq + r then gcd(k, n)=gcd(n, r).Proof: If d is a factor of k and n, then there are integers i1 and i2so that k = i1d and n =...
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math - functional and structural tensor analysis for engineers - brannon
... (5.5)where and are the magnitudes of and , respectively, and is the angle between and . The dot product is commuta-tive: (5.6)It also satisfies the inner product positivity rule if if and only if ... exact differentials can be given by using different notation where the symbols and are used instead of and . Similarly, the symbols and can be used to denote the functions instead of and . ... step backward. Specifically, if , then and if , then and if , then and (3.111)Finally, for matrices, cofactor components may be expressed in terms of the permutation symbol as follows,...
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combining discrete orthogonal moments and dhmms for off-line handwritten chinese character recognition
... N,N>0,pE(0,1).N:thenumberofstatesinamodel;ThefunctionsFq and symbol aregivenby(5)Mthetotalnumberofobservationsymbols;ThefunctionsandsymlakA(a,)NN:thestatetransitionprobabilitymatrix. and (6)respectively. and (6)respectively.~~B=(b)Am:theobservation symbol probabilityForKrawtchoukpolynomials,theweightBm(tislfunctionc(x) and squarednormp(n)aregivenbymatrixineachstate ... ;T=(;Ti)Ntheinitialstateprobabilitymatrix.NNxc(x;p,N)=Kx(1-p)Nx-(14)3.2SystemOverviewnnp(n;p,N)=(_P)nrl,0<n<N-1.(15)Atthetoplevel,atraditionalDHMMs-basedcharacter(-N)nKP)recognitionsystemcanbedividedintotwobasicfunctionalcomponents:training and recognition.BothSametotheTchebichefpolynomials,instabilityalsotraining and recognitionshareacommonpre-processing,existsamongKrawtchoukpolynomials.Thedefinitionofframesgeneration and featureextractionstage.weightedKrawtchoukpolynomial{Kn(x;p,N)}isInthetrainingphase,afterapplyingpre-processingstepsincludingbinarization,noiseremoval,boundaryKn(x;~,N)x;p,N)(16)obtainment, and sizenormalization,animagep(n;p,N)I(x,y)(0<x,y<L)issegmentedintoTframesTheKrawtchoukmomentsoforder(n±m)intermofframe(i)(1<i<T)usingslidingwindowtechniquetosuitforDHMMsrecognitionengine.ThefeatureweightedKrawtchoukpolynomialsforanimagewithextractionmodulethentransformsaframeintensityfunctionI(x,y) and NxMpixelsaredefinedasimageframe(i)intoafeaturevectorfv(i),whichisthenKrnm=EKn(x;p1,N-)Krn(y;p2,M-)I(x,y)(17)translatedintoa symbol O(i)(l.<i<.T)byclusteringx=Oy=oalgorithm(VQ).ThecodebookwithMcodewordsoutputbyVQiskeptforfurtherusetoquantizedfeature790 COMBINING DISCRETE ORTHOGONALMOMENTS AND DHMMSFOROFF-LINEHANDWRITTENCHINESECHARACTERRECOGNITIONXianmeiWang,YangYang, and KangHuangSchoolofInformation and EngineeringUniversityofScience and TechnologyBeijingNo.30,XueyuanRoad,Beijing,China,100083plum-wanggtom.comAbstractmomentsrequiresacoordinatetransformationwhichmay Discrete orthogonalmomentsetisoneofthenovelalsocauseprecisionloss.featuremoment-baseddescriptorsforimageanalysis.SomeresearcherssuchasMuKundanetal.haveTheTchebichefmoments and Krawtchoukmomentsaresuggestedtheuseof discrete orthogonalmomentstothetworepresentativesinthisclass.Thispaperstudiesovercometheproblemsassociatedwiththecontinuoustheperformanceofthetwo discrete orthogonalmomentsorthogonalmoments.Inthepastfewyears,someintherecognitionofoff-linehandwrittenChineseamountdifferent discrete orthogonalmomentsareproposedsuchinwordsunder Discrete- timeHiddenMarkovModelsasTchebichefmoments[5-7] and Krawtchoukmoments(DHMMs)framework.Thelowerordermomentsare[8][9].These discrete orthogonalmomentsaredirectlyemployedasfeatures.Aserialofexperimentsarecarrieddefinedintheimagecoordinatespace[(O,0),(N-1,M-outtocomparetheirperformancewiththatofthe1)].Theimplementationofthe discrete orthogonalcontinuousorthogonalmovementssuchasZernike and momentsdoesn'tinvolveanynumericalapproximationLegendre.Experimentalresultssuggestthatthe and coordinatetransformation.Thesepropertiesmakerecognitionperformanceoftwo discrete orthogonal discrete orthogonalmomentsmuchmoresuitablefor2-Dmomentsishigherthanthatofthecontinuous discrete imagesaspatternfeatures.Ithasbeenshownthatthesemoments.Inadditional,differentvaluesofthenumberof discrete orthogonalmomentshavebetterperformancezones,observationsymbols and statesarealsousedtothantheconventionalcontinuousorthogonalmomentsfindthebettermodelstructureforthenewapproach.forimagereconstruction[5][8][9].Asweknow,foroff-linehandwrittencharacterKeywords: Discrete orthogonalmoments;DHMMs;Offrecognition,mostofobstaclesremaininthestronglinehandwrittencharacterrecognition.variabilityofthehandwritingstyles.HiddenMarkovmodels(HMMs)arestochasticmodelswhichcandealwithdynamicproperties and variationsamonghuman1.INTRODUCTIONhandwriting.Sincethelastdecade,HMMshavebeenwidelyusedforoff-linehandwrittencharacterMomentswithorthogonalbasisfunctions,introducedrecognition.TherearebasicallytwoclassesofHMMsbyTeague[1],haveminimalinformationredundancyindependingofthetypeofobservationsequence,i.e.amomentset.Inthisclass,thetwomostimportant discrete- timeHMMs(DHMMs) and continuous-timeorthogonalmomentswhichhavebeenextensivelyHMMs(CHMMs).BothofthemhavebeensuccessfullyresearchedinpatternrecognitionfieldareZernikeappliedtotherecognitionofoff-linehandwrittenmoments and Legendremoments[2-4].Nowtheyhavecharacter.However,DHMMsaremoreattractivebecausebeenwidelyusedasfundamentalfeaturesforcharacteroftheirlowcomputationalcost.recognition.ButbothZemike and LegendremomentsInthispaper,weproposedamethodbyextractingbelongtotheclassofcontinuousmoments.Fordigital discrete orthogonalmomentsfeatureforDHMMs-basedimages,theircomputationrequiresnumericalcharacterrecognition.Thenwestudy and comparetheapproximationofcontinuousintegral.Thisprocesscan discrete orthogonalmomentsforunconstrainedoff-linecauseerror,especiallywhentheorderofthemomentshandwrittenChineseamountinwordsrecognitionwithincreases.Additionally,theuseofZernike and Legendre12Chinesewords.Intheliteratureofimageprocessing,'~~~~~~~~~itiswellestablishedthattheimportant and perceptuallyProc.5thIEEEInt.Conf.onCognitiveInformatics(ICCI'06)Y.Y.Yao,Z.Z.Shi,Y.Wang, and W.Kinsner(Eds.)781-4244-0475-4/06/$20.OO@2006IEEE78 ... nomatterthenumberOurworkdetailedinthispaperdealswiththeofstatesissetto6,9or12.Italsocanbeseenthattherecognitionoftheisolatedunconstrainedoff-linehighestrecognitionaccuracycanbeachievedbysettinghandwrittenChineseamountinwordsincludingChineseNto9.However,thedifferencesinaccuracyrateforthecharactersfromVtoX and JU.AllthehandwrittenvaluesofNwith9 and 12aresmall.Additionally,Tablecharactersamplesusedinthefollowingexperiments1alsoindicatesthattherecognitionaccuracyofLegendrewerecollectedbyourlaboratory.Theyarewrittenbymomentsisthelowest.numerouswriters and invariouswritingstyles.Therearetotally11,966binarydigitalimages.Weused8,366Table2.Recognitionspeedofusingdifferentimagesfortraining and 3,600imagesfortesting.orthogonalmomentswithM=64,Z=4AllexperimentswereperformedonaCOMPAQEvotateNumberN610CnotebookPCwith768Mmemory and 1.8GHzMoen6912CPU.AllprogramsarewrittenwithMatlab6.0language.EBecauseofitssimplestform,(11)wasselectedfortheTchebichef513477442function8'(n,N)tomaintaintheequalweightofKrawtchouk515478450differentTchebichefmoments.In(17),theconditionofZernike239...
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delightful decimals and perfect percents, games and activities that make math easy and fun - long
... creates a decimal, and subtracts the result from0.99.5. Player 1 rolls two dice and subtracts the rolled decimal from the formerdifference. Example: If player 1 rolls a 6 and a 6, the created ... Time 103VII. Wrap It Up! 10537 Math Review Game 10738 Problem Generator 11039 Number Cross Puzzle 11 240 Math Libs 11 5Decimals and Percents Master Certificate 117Index 119 Subtracting ... tenths and one to represent hundredths).Player 1 subtracts the number rolled from 0.99. Example: If a player rolls a3 and 2, the decimal created could be 0.32 or 0.23. Player 1 chooses 0.23and...
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