deriving word meanings from context

... equivalents I.5 Types of context clues used in guessing word meanings Clues help to infer meanings of new words from context It is impossible to infer the meanings of new words if the context does not ... text I.2 Guessing or inferring strategy Guessing word meanings from context most commonly refers to inferring the meanings of a word from surrounding words in a written text It is an active and deliberate ... communicative approach than any other I.3 Guessing word meanings from context as a technique of vocabulary teaching and learning Guessing word meanings from context is one of many available vocabulary...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2015, 09:26

... and their success in deriving word meaning from context Participants read a passage containing 10 unknown words and attempted to derive the meanings of the unknown words from context Introspective ... strategy of guessing meaning from context 2.4.1 What is context? 2.4.2 What is guessing from context? 2.4.3 Factors affecting students’ success in guessing meaning from context 2.4.4 Approaches to ... and constructing word meaning from context The strategy many range from the internal structure of the word (such as analysis of the phonological and orthographic structure of the word) to those...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2015, 10:06

... by Context We call the surrounding words of a word w the context of w The work of (Fung and Yee, 1998; Rapp, 1995; Rapp, 1999) noted that if an English word e is the translation of a Chinese word ... of a word in the source language and the context of a candidate word in the target language are extracted The similarity of the two contexts is computed The candidate target word whose context ... source word has a similar context as the source word And the problem of locating the correct translation becomes the problem of locating the word with the most similar context For the source word, ...

Ngày tải lên: 08/11/2015, 16:30

... looking up words Ever since you were learning your first words, you have been determining meaning from context Context refers to the words and sentences that surround a particular word and help ... vocabulary words By reading carefully, you will often be able to determine meaning from context By reading actively, you will continually expand your bank of vocabulary words—and the bigger your word ... meaning of unfamiliar words from their D ETE R M I N I N G M E A N I N G F R O M C O NTE XT 25 context is an essential vocabulary skill Sometimes you will find unfamiliar words whose meanings are indecipherable...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2013, 17:20

... constraint is met (strew -from- weights " L H " 0) - - ('I)1 ") (stress -from- weights " H H " 0) - - ('31 ") (stress -from- weights " L H " I) - - ('13") ; N o Good (stress -from- weights " H H " l) ... with certain loan words For instance, consider the Italian word tort6nL By the reasoning outlined above, tortbni ought to stress like c;,lcuii since both words have the g ~ e ~ o ~ from Orthography ... syllables in a word in order to assign stress Note that the table is extremely small Assuming that words have up N The redundancy of the weight representation can also been seen directly from Sproat's...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 20:20

... position Given a context- free NEGRA tree shorn of its trace/antecedent notation, however, it is far from trivial to determine which nodes are dislocated, and where they come from Figure shows ... with a context- free parser If we think of a statistical parser as a function from strings to CF trees, and the nonlocal dependency recovery algorithm A presented in this paper as a function from ... these three approaches Acknowledgements This work has benefited from feedback from Dan Jurafsky and three anonymous reviewers, and from presentation at the Institute of Cognitive Science, University...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 04:22

... two words ahead of another word B, a second vector for the case that word A is one word ahead of word B, a third vector for A directly following B, and a fourth vector for A following two words ... derived from the Collins Gem German Dictionary with about 22,300 entries From this we eliminated all multi -word entries, so 16,380 entries remained Because we had decided on our test word list ... morphological lexicon and did not take the context of a word form into account This means that we could not lemmatize those ambiguous word forms that can be derived from more than one base form However,...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 06:20

... pair In other words, if the most probS able translation candidate for a source word w1 is T and, vice versa, the most proba target word w2 T able translation candidate of the target word w2 451 ... }, as follows: (a) If one of the words from the associated S list is the given source word ws , remember: (1) the position m, denoting S how high in the list the word ws was found, and (2) the ... the list In other words, if the first translation candidate for the source word isola is the target word island, and, vice versa, the first translation candidate for the target word island is isola,...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 21:20

... to tag this underlying sequence of words, not a partitioning of the text generated from those words by a tokenizer We use hand crafted rules to recover the words and are currently formalizing ... types of topics These rules are based on words and phrases, and allow for stemming, synonymy, windowing, and context- sensitivity based on document analysis From one point of view, these brands are ... irrelevant Documents are modeled with the standard bag-of-words representation that discards the ordering of words and notices only whether or not a word occurs in a document Empirically, we have found...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 22:20

... ‘sporting’ meaning from the word play, leaving respectively the ‘clothing’ and ‘performance’ meanings Note that re- moving a particular word also removes concepts related to the negated word This gives ... and wordsenses Two early results using negation to find senses of ambiguous words are given in Table 1, showing that vector negation is very effective for removing the ‘legal’ meaning from the word ... the second case the task is to remove radically different meanings from the query This technique has been used to remove several meanings from a query iteratively, allowing a user to ‘home in on’...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 06:20

... similar words which are then used to acquire additional translations of the context words In contrast, our method does not bootstrap on language pairs that share morphology, cognates or similar words ... the word wi from the vocabulary W S , β is a sym|WS | (w ) metric Dirichlet prior, j=1 nk j is the total number of words assigned to the topic zk , and |W S | is the total number of distinct words ... words over topics, it is possible to use them for the computation of the similarity between words in different languages 3.2.1 KL Method The similarity between a source word w1 and a target word...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 16:20

... collapsing the arc from D to E.) We seek a better alignment scheme, in which the score S(D, D') could benefit from S(A, A') We are willing to pay a small penalty to collapse the path from D to E, and ... Rules This section describes the procedure for deriving transfer rules from aligned parse trees First, the best-scoring alignment is recovered from the Children-Pairing matrix, (Table t(b)) Start ... scoring alignment, we acquire transfer rules from that alignment When more than one pair of trees tie for the highest score, we acquire transfer rules from the set of pairs of aligned subtrees which...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 19:20

... the variable Deriving Types Our method for type derivation assumes access to a word sense taxonomy, providing: W : set of words, potentially multi-token N : set of nodes, e.g., word senses, or ... challenge of dealing with multiple semantic concepts associated with the same word, i.e., employing WordNet requires word sense disambiguation in order to associate terms observed in text with ... word senses prior to generalizing them, but rather as a byproduct of the abstraction process Moreover, it potentially selects multiple senses of a word deemed equally appropriate in a given context, ...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 03:20

... computing distributional representations for word meaning in context, using the context to activate relevant exemplars Comparing representations of context, bag-of-words (BOW) representations are more ... them for any given sentence context As exemplars, we create bag-of-words cooccurrence vectors from the BNC These vectors represent instances of a target word by the other words in the same sentence, ... this task Another area of future work is to move beyond bag-of-words context: It is known from WSD that syntactic and bag-of-words contexts provide complementary information (Florian et al., 2002;...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 21:20

... key words from the question as your guide In this example, the key words are how many and species These two items tell you to look for a sentence in the passage that has both a number and the word ... key words in the question: how many, bites, and death Then, scan the paragraph looking for the sentence that discusses the number of deadly bites Note that the key word might not be the exact word ... case, your key words are number, bites, and fatal But you won’t find “fatal” anywhere in the passage As you scan, then, you need to keep your eyes open for the key words and other words that might...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 13:21

... vocabulary words You have to look for clues in the context The best clues typically come from the writer’s word choice W ORD C HOICE Often the best clues to meaning come from the specific words a ... understand the text Word choice clues can come in the following forms: ■ ■ ■ ■ particular words and phrases that the author uses the way those words and phrases are arranged in sentences word or sentence ... because his word choice should make his position clear 43 – READING COMPREHENSION SKILLS – D ENOTATION AND C ONNOTATION Even words that seem to mean the same thing have subtly different meanings...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 13:21

... Association, recommend that 50–60 percent of daily calories come from carbohydrates, 12–20 percent from protein, and no more than 30% from fat Foods that are rich in carbohydrates, like breads, cereals, ... digestion, but it does prevent the body from using an important product of digestion—glucose (commonly known as sugar)—for energy? a Diabetes prevents the body from digesting food b Diabetes is triggered ... for people with diabetes d to describe the health problem caused by both types of diabetes The word alleviate in paragraph is closest in meaning to a get rid of b reduce c increase d medicate...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 13:21

... Type 2: Sentences with underlined words or phrases These sentences will have several underlined words or phrases You will be asked to choose which of the underlined words or phrases is incorrect ... sentences (“structure” sentences with underlined words and phrases will be questions) and Part B consists of 25 sentences with presented at random underlined words and phrases (“written expression” questions) ... background knowledge in the subject to answer the questions correctly The sentences will provide enough context to make their meaning clear, but the actual subject of the sentence is not important What...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 13:21

... fed every other day He is from Australia; she is from New Zealand P HRASES AND M ODIFIERS Sentences are often “filled out” by phrases and modifiers Phrases are groups of words that not have both ... ostrich is the fastest two-legged animal on Earth Parts of Speech A word s part of speech determines its function and form The word quiet, for example, can be either a verb or an adjective; it ... toward around down off under at during on until before except out up behind for outside upon below from over with beneath in since without Practice For the following sentences, please: A Place brackets...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 13:21

... They also suggest very specific meanings, such as the subject’s ability or intention to something The following table lists the helping verbs, their forms, and their meanings 62 – STRUCTURE: GRAMMAR ... the correct answer to fill in the blank If the question has four underlined words or phrases, choose the underlined word or phrase that is incorrect You will find the Answer Key in Appendix A Kay ... object) This far north, the sun rises at 4:30 The minimum amount to open an account has been raised from $50 to $100 65 – STRUCTURE: GRAMMAR AND STYLE – The basic forms of these verbs can also be...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 13:21