declaring graphics with mxml and fxg

... display list invocation commands (CallList and CallLists; see section 5.4), and the EdgeFlag command Executing any other GL command between the execution of Begin and the corresponding execution ... commands set the s coordinate to the provided single argument while setting t and r to and q to Similarly, TexCoord2 sets s and t to the specified values, r to and q to 1; TexCoord3 sets s, t, and ... only with rendering into a framebuffer (and reading values stored in that framebuffer) There is no support for other peripherals sometimes associated with graphics hardware, such as mice and keyboards...

Ngày tải lên: 03/11/2012, 11:23

... an inlet valve and a cylinder creates a cause and effect which is self explanatory with the aid of animations and text as compared with static graphics and text The animations with text create ... significant difference with the mean values of 5.5 and 7.1 respectively In the graphic -with- text group pre and post scores show a statistically significant difference with means of 5.1 and 7.1 respectively ... Computer screen and amplified devices speakers; projector and lecturer’s voice Verbal and pictorial On-screen text and animation; representations Printed text and illustrations Auditory and visual...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 12:20

... Drawing Context Drawing Rectangles Drawing Paths with Lines and Curves Drawing Bitmap Images Colors, Strokes, and Fills Animating with Canvas Canvas and Recursive Drawing vi | Table of Contents 124 ... developer for many years and being used to working with high-performance programming languages and hardware, I initially had modest expectations of graphics programming with JavaScript What I actually ... for additional graphics power • Creating video games • Using math for creative graphics and animation • Presenting your data in creative ways with the Google Visualizations API and Google Chart...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 11:58

... mobile graphics and multimedia standards closely related to OpenGL ES and M3G This book concentrates only on graphics APIs, but for sound and multimedia in general, you can refer to standards ... research, standardization, and technology strategy and implementation, and was Nokia’s contact person for both standards Tomi Aarnio, Senior Research Engineer, mostly concentrated on the M3G standard ... the traditional fixed-function graphics pipeline with programmable vertex and fragment shaders, and is therefore not backward-compatible with the 1.x series The 1.x and 2.x generations of OpenGL...

Ngày tải lên: 28/04/2014, 15:49

... Mobile 3D Graphics with OpenGL ES and M3G This page intentionally left blank Mobile 3D Graphics with OpenGL ES and M3G Kari Pulli Tomi Aarnio Ville Miettinen ... 1.2 Graphics on Handheld Devices 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.3 Typographic Conventions Device Categories Display Technology Processing Power Graphics Hardware Execution Environments Mobile Graphics ... Environments Mobile Graphics Standards 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 PART I 12 Fighting the Fragmentation Design Principles OpenGL ES M3G Related Standards 12 14 18 19 21 ANATOMY OF A GRAPHICS ENGINE CHAPTER...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 11:20

... bright, and with this book in your hand, you, the reader, will be able to create vibrant applications with three-dimensional xiii xiv PREFACE graphics on mobile devices Hopefully, your mobile graphics ... research, standardization, and technology strategy and implementation, and was Nokia’s contact person for both standards Tomi Aarnio, Senior Research Engineer, mostly concentrated on the M3G standard ... amounts of time and effort they have invested in standardization organizations, such as the Khronos Group and Java community, which are committed to making both the OpenGL ES and M3G standards faster,...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 11:20

... 1.2 GRAPHICS ON HANDHELD DEVICES The second category, on the other hand, is very interesting for graphics applications Feature phones represent the bulk of the market in developed countries, and ... imaging, graphics, and other tasks The baseband processor takes care of the fundamental real-time operations of the device, such as processing the speech and radio signals In basic phones and feature ... phones and feature phones, the baseband CHAPTER SECTION 1.2 GRAPHICS ON HANDHELD DEVICES Baseband Processor CPU Application Processor DSP CPU GPU Memory DSP IVA Baseband Processor CPU DSP IVA Memory...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 11:20

... mobile graphics and multimedia standards closely related to OpenGL ES and M3G This book concentrates only on graphics APIs, but for sound and multimedia in general, you can refer to standards ... 1.3 MOBILE GRAPHICS STANDARDS 21 and improving performance on the mass-market devices that not have programmable graphics hardware, or any graphics hardware at all 1.3.5 RELATED STANDARDS There ... the traditional fixed-function graphics pipeline with programmable vertex and fragment shaders, and is therefore not backward-compatible with the 1.x series The 1.x and 2.x generations of OpenGL...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 11:20

... both a and b; see Figure 2.3 The new vector is also right-handed with respect to a and b in the same way as shown in Figure 2.2 The length of the new vector is sin(θ)||a|| ||b|| If a and b are ... scalings, shearings, and even perspective and parallel projections 2.2 MATRICES A × matrix M has components mij column: ⎡ m00 ⎢ m10 ⎢ M =⎢ ⎣m20 m30 where i stands for the row and j stands for the m01 ... different ways to visualize a right-handed, orthogonal 3D coordinate system Left: the thumb, index finger, and middle finger of the right hand are assigned the axes x, y, and z, in that order The positive...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 11:20

... rotation, scaling, and shearing, and are illustrated in Figure 2.5 They are commonly used to position and orient objects in a scene, or change their size or shape LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR 3D GRAPHICS 36 ... which changes the location and orientation of an object, but retains its shape and size Rigid motion consists of an arbitrary sequence of rotations and translations, and has the form R M= t , ... functions available, draw_box() and draw_unit_disk(), which draw a box and a disk, respectively, extending from −1 to in both x and y Note that the sides of the box and the diameter of the disk...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 11:20

... likelihood of z-fighting grows with the far/near ratio, with coarser display and depth buffer resolution, with increasing field of view and distance from the camera, and with increasing distance from ... from the near distance n, far distance f, and the extent of the window on the near plane with left and right edges at l and r and bottom and top edges at b and t, as shown in Figure 2.12 The trick ... canonical frustum, with an opening angle of 90◦ both vertically and horizontally, and with the window centered on the z axis More precisely, it contains points with −n > z > −f, |z| > |x|, and |z| > |y|...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 11:20

... model; diffuse lighting; diffuse and Phong specular lighting Bottom row: texturing added; texturing with a separate specular pass; bump mapping added; and rendered with an intersecting translucent ... array, and then have another array which indexes into the first array and gives the triangle connectivity using the same methods as with the implicit ordering, e.g., triangles, triangle strips, and ... and a series of simplifications is required to come up with a computationally reasonable approximation of the true interaction of light, matter, participating media (such as the air with fog and...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 11:20

... completely within the guard band, and they are simply rasterized and the pixels outside of the viewport are ignored Only the dark triangle which enters the viewport and exits the guard band needs ... models attenuation of light due to distance with att = 1/(kc + kl d + kq d2 ), where kc stands for the constant coefficient, and kl and kq are the linear and quadratic coefficients, while d is the ... fall-off (spoti ) are combined with the diffuse (kd Idi (n · li )+ ) and specular (ks Isi fi (n · h)+ ) components For a directional light atti = 1, and for directional and point lights spoti = Finally,...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 11:20

... define the interpolated fragment color and alpha as Cf and Af , the texture source color and alpha as Cs and As , and the user-given constant color as Cc and Ac See Figure 3.15 for an example ... that neither minification nor magnification is used) and the s-direction aligns with screen x and t with y, point sampling yields both faster and better results Bilinear filtering can also be leveraged ... source data replaces the fragment color and/ or alpha RGBA and LA formats produce (Cs , As ), L and RGB formats give (Cs , Af ), and A format yields (Cf , As ) With the MODULATE function, the source...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 11:20

... stencil buffer value and a reference value At its simplest, one can initialize the stencil buffer with zeros, paint an arbitrary pattern with ones, and then with NOTEQUAL draw only within the stencil ... and work [GW02] This is a very brute force approach, and the processing and memory requirements increase linearly by the number of samples per pixel Multisampling approximates supersampling with ... are called bitplanes, and some of those bitplanes are in turn combined into logical buffers such as the back color buffer (usually RGB with or without alpha), depth buffer, and stencil buffer After...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 11:20

... the OpenGL graphics pipeline They are mutually exclusive with blending With logic ops, the source and destination pixel data are considered bit patterns, rather than color values, and a logical ... benefits of simplicity and lesser use of graphics memory However, even if the graphics drawing happens very fast, the rendering and the display refresh are usually not synchronized with each other, ... block handles the mixing of different types of content surfaces in the system, such as 3D rendering surfaces and native OS graphics Inside the GPU a command processor processes the commands coming...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 11:20

... what ultimately breathes life into 3D graphics While still images can be nice as such, most applications involve objects moving and interacting with each other and the user, or scenes in some other ... ANIMATION value 106 time F i g u r e 4.1: Keyframe values (points) and interpolated data (curve) positions and orientations to color and lighting parameters, as long as it can be represented numerically ... sampling time t, and computing the interpolated value for that segment only Let us call the values of our chosen keyframes simply a and b Those will be the desired values at the beginning and end of...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 11:20

... cannot handle complete objects, materials, characters, and scenes, together with their associated animations The artists and their tools deal with higher-level concepts than triangle strips and blending ... optimizations, and it also requires additional memory bandwidth to transfer the data between application and graphics memory Therefore, there is almost always some performance reduction associated with ... primitives and rendering state into a self-contained visual entity that is easier to animate and interact with than the low-level bits and pieces are 3D objects can be defined in many ways, e.g., with...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 11:20

... fine-grained rendering commands are submitted to the graphics API and immediately executed, the retained-mode programmer performs less low-level work in loading, managing, culling, and rendering the scene ... Objects (VBOs), and most recently Frame Buffer Objects (FBOs) This trend of moving more and more data into graphics memory—the “server side” in OpenGL parlance—is still ongoing with, e.g., Direct3D ... Although the existence of programming standards such as OpenGL ES and M3G has reduced the fragmentation in the market, one still has to deal with a broad and diverse range of devices The performance...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 11:20

... data and properties, performance counters, and OpenGL ES function call history It allows adding breakpoints on OpenGL ES commands, forcing the application’s raster mode and render target, and ... performance of an application is profiling Modern graphics processors are complex devices, and the interaction between them and other hardware and software components of the system is not trivial ... of the prime candidates for this Most users can understand the difference between rendering bullet holes and not rendering them, whereas having to make a choice between bilinear and trilinear...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 11:20