countries towns and rivers

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2013, 08:20

... attempts to classify countries based on the performance of their institutions and policies and determine thresholds for selected debt indicators for each country grouping and then estimate the ... of public and publicly guaranteed external debt to gross domestic product and to exports, and debt service on the same debt to exports to judge debt sustainability Country policies and institutional ... there may be differences between the Bank and Fund in these assessments and possible scenarios and it is not known how these will be played out in the countries where they occur Since CPIAs are...

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 08:15

... balance and payments and budgets, the mix of loans and grants in its future financing arrangements, and the build-up of its repayment capacity relative to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and export and ... welcome and would have significant implications for the volume and type of financial flows to many developing countries This paper is intended to assist the countries of the G24 to better understand ... foreign and domestic, public and publicly guaranteed, private non-guaranteed, including both short- and long-term debt, without compromising its long-term development goals and objectives Countries...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... policies and institutional capability and vulnerability to shocks are other factors identified as being important for assessing a country’s debt sustainability In particular, country policies and ... maintain sustainable debt levels and reduce the risk to IDA of debt problems in the countries in which IDA will provide a significant share of financing under IDA 14 and later These multiple factors ... of debt outstanding as a ratio with GDP, exports or government revenue The second is a weak institutional and policy environment in the country which makes it probable for such countries to experience...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... resources, safety nets; and poverty monitoring and analysis; and • Public sector management and institutions, including property rights and rule-based governance; quality of budgetary and financial management; ... policy and foreign exchange regime; financial stability and depth; banking sector efficiency and resource mobilization; competitive environment for the private sector; factor and product markets; and ... measure that is available in most countries annually, less subject to serious errors and simple and transparent At present, IDA is focused on the poorest countries and among them, those that are...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... only countries, a grant allocation will not be possible Instead, the combination of IBRD loan and IDA credit terms offered to the country will be converted entirely to IDA credit terms Countries ... allocation as grants and the balance as credits As in the case of high risk countries, if the country concerned is a blend country, the loan component will be offered on credit terms Countries Ibid ... shortcomings Equity considerations raise questions of why countries with similar institutional and policy performance as judged by the CPIA and similar per capita income levels receive IDA allocations...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... only countries, a grant allocation will not be possible Instead, the combination of IBRD loan and IDA credit terms offered to the country will be converted entirely to IDA credit terms Countries ... allocation as grants and the balance as credits As in the case of high risk countries, if the country concerned is a blend country, the loan component will be offered on credit terms Countries that ... shortcomings Equity considerations raise questions of why countries with similar institutional and policy performance as judged by the CPIA and similar per capita income levels receive IDA allocations...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... exacerbate unequal treatment of countries by inducing governments with less power and resources to comply with CPIA-derived policies while the more developed and more powerful countries are treated differently; ... experience and little applied knowledge (e.g., institutional development, gender equality, and labor-intensive growth) The United Nations has a stronger mandate to work in the political arena and assess ... international level and or each Consultative Group 61 No mention is made in the DSF of IMF lending to low income countries which correspond to the IDA eligible countries These countries can access...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... in particular the The exceptions would be countries that are large or not depend heavily on external financing, and can take an independent stand Such countries, like China, often borrow significant ... billion, compared to $17.8 billion and $15.0 billion during IDA 13 and IDA 12 respectively.2 The additional Ibid footnote Financing Requirements from IDA for Poor Countries during IDA 14, IDA, June ... community, in general, and IDA, in particular, to allocate credits and grants to low-income countries in ways that foster debt sustainability and achievement of the MDGs Recommendations also seek to address...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... single year from its earnings from goods and non-factor services c) Public debt outstanding to GDP or GNI ratio compares the total of domestic and external outstanding to the size of the economy Present ... proportion of exports of goods and non- factor services that are absorbed for debt service payments on both long and short-term debt Debt Burden Ratios a) The total debt outstanding to GDP or GNI ratio ... GNI ratio compares the amount of disbursed debt outstanding to the size of the economy b) The total debt outstanding to exports of goods and non-factor services ratio measures the ability of...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... access to entry and exit in all products and sectors • Factor and product markets This item addresses the policies that affect the efficiency of markets for land, labor and goods Countries with ... entry and banks’ total capital to assets ratio less than 8% Countries with high scores have diversified and competitive financial sectors that include insurance, equity and debt finance and non-bank ... decisions and are accountable for results and adhering to budget • Transparency Accountability and corruption in the public sector In countries with high scores, the reasons for decisions, and their...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... the government and not by the interaction of buyers and sellers in a market Occasionally entrance fees are charged at lakes or rivers; however, these fees are generally nominal and offer little ... nearby and therefore has low travel costs The recreation demand for a site is depicted in Figure 2, with the recreation demand curve showing the inverse relationship between travel costs and individuals’ ... is denoted as λi1 , and each visitor’s higher expected improved water quality trips is denoted as λi , where i denotes the visitor, and the numbers and denote the current and improved state of...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 12:20

... facilitating the diagnosis and and vegetables and fewer harmful fats and processed foods Promoting healthy diets and exercise can take place in schools and work sites and through other public health ... tobacco and alcohol control programs Tobacco use is the most important cause of and treatment have not proven effective cancers of the lung and respiratory system and the esophagus, and it contributes ... developed and developing countries For prices in developing countries these cancers, primary prevention is the most practical and often the only possible intervention in developing countries...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 01:20

... definition and poor understanding of the eGovernment concept, processes and functions EGovernment is a multidimensional and complex concept, which requires a broad definition and understanding, ... required staff, learning and training courses for government staff and citizens, and other governmental departments and agencies can contribute in data and information flow and knowledge sharing ... developing countries The range of choices and opportunities in developing countries is expanding ICT is believed to be a powerful enabling tool to address some of the key barriers and challenges...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 05:22

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 11:20

... fellows, and other researchers who have worked with us on the limnology of Arctic and Antarctic lakes and rivers; and our research funding and logistics agencies, including the Natural Sciences and ... Ellesmere Island (Lake Romulus, Cape Herschel ponds); 11, Ward Hunt Lake and northern Ellesmere Island meromictic lakes; 12, Peary Land, northern Greenland; 13, Disko Island, Greenland; 14, Zackenberg, ... infrastructure: Kangerlussuaq (Sứnder Strứmfjord) and Disko Island in West Greenland, and Pituffik (Thule Airbase) and Peary Land in North Greenland (Jensen 2003) The Danish BioBasis 50-year monitoring...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 17:20

... balance and payments and budgets, the mix of loans and grants in its future financing arrangements, and the build-up of its repayment capacity relative to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and export and ... resources, safety nets; and poverty monitoring and analysis; and • Public sector management and institutions, including property rights and rule-based governance; quality of budgetary and financial management; ... foreign and domestic, public and publicly guaranteed, private non-guaranteed, including both short- and long-term debt, without compromising its long-term development goals and objectives Countries...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 03:20

... Leland and Porter, 2000; Munn et al., 2002) and pH (Pan et al., 1996) for algal com- munity composition in streams and rivers The results of Hill et al (2000) provide another example where N and ... to TN and TP have been developed (e.g., Pan et al., 1996; Leland and Porter, 2000; Winter and Duthie, 2000a; Munn et al., 2002) The lack of a relationship be- tween diatom species and N and P ... hypothesised by Pan et al (1996), regression and calibration models based on P and diatoms may not be as robust and predictable for P-enriched rivers and streams as they are for lakes However,...

Ngày tải lên: 28/07/2014, 17:21

... geography of lakes and rivers It considers how these freshwater systems were created, how lakes come to lie in landscapes and how rivers move through them, and how both shape the land surface Chapter ... in the sea, affects lakes and rivers What happens in lakes and rivers affects us all XIII CHAPTER FRESHWATER, LAKES, AND RIVERS Rivers run through channels in the landscape Lakes fill hollows They ... that remains on the land, some runs over the surface as surface runoff and gathers in streams, rivers, and FRESHWATER, LAKES, AND RIVERS 23 lakes Some sinks into the soil and stays there temporarily...

Ngày tải lên: 14/11/2014, 06:42